Lesson 2.

Anthropology and
Economics
Donald B. Aguinaldo, PhD
Subject Teacher
ANTHROPOLOGY

• anthropos (mankind or human being);

logos (study or science)
• The study or science of mankind or
humanity.
ANTHROPOLOGY

• A broad scientific discipline dedicated to

the comparative study of humans as a
group, from its first appearance on earth
to its present stage of development.
ANTHROPOLOGY

• It seeks to explain how and why people

are both similar and different through
examination of our biological and
cultural past and comparative study of
contemporary human societies
FOCUS OF ANTHROPOLOGY

1. the origin of humans

2. the evolutionary development of humans
3. human physical, biochemical and
cultural variations
4. the material possessions and cultural
heritages of humans.
FOCUS OF ANTHROPOLOGY

1. the origin of humans

2. the evolutionary development of humans
FOCUS OF ANTHROPOLOGY

3. human physical, biochemical and

cultural variations
FOCUS OF ANTHROPOLOGY

4. the material
possessions
and cultural
heritages of
humans.
FIELDS OF
ANTHROPOLOGY
1. Physical/Biological Anthropology
2. Sociocultural Anthropology
3. Archaeological Anthropology
4. Linguistic Anthropology
FIELDS OF
ANTHROPOLOGY
1. Physical/Biological Anthropology

 deals with the evolution of humans, their

variability, and adaptations to
environmental stresses.
FIELDS OF
ANTHROPOLOGY
2. Sociocultural Anthropology

 studies the diversity of human societies

in time and space, while looking for
commonalities across them.
FIELDS OF
ANTHROPOLOGY
2. Sociocultural Anthropology

 CULTURE
 all the ways of life including arts, beliefs
and institutions of a population that are
passed down from generation to
generation.
FIELDS OF
ANTHROPOLOGY
2. Sociocultural Anthropology

 Main Features of Culture

a. Culture is all- encompassing
b. Culture is general and specific
c. Culture is socially learned
d. Culture is symbolic
FIELDS OF
ANTHROPOLOGY
2. Sociocultural Anthropology

 Main Features of Culture

e. Culture imposes itself on nature
f. Culture is shared
g. Culture is stable and yet it changes
FIELDS OF
ANTHROPOLOGY
2. Sociocultural Anthropology

 Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism

 Ethnocentrism – an attitude of taking one's
own culture and ways of life as the best and
the center of all and on the other hand,
regarding other ethnic groups and cultures as
inferior, bad, full of errors, etc.
FIELDS OF
ANTHROPOLOGY
2. Sociocultural Anthropology

 Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism

 Cultural Relativism – an approach that
suspends judgment and views the behavior
of people from the perspective of their own
culture.
FIELDS OF
ANTHROPOLOGY
3. Archaeological Anthropology

 the study of past humans and cultures

through material remains, called
artifacts.
FIELDS OF
ANTHROPOLOGY
3. Archaeological Anthropology
FIELDS OF
ANTHROPOLOGY
3. Archaeological Anthropology
Major Goals

4. classifying and sequencing material

culture;
5. reconstructing ancient ways of life;
6. Explaining and delineating cultural
processes
FIELDS OF
ANTHROPOLOGY
4. Linguistic Anthropology

 studies language, and how language is

used in order to understand culture.
Contributions of Anthropology

1. Anthropology gives us an insight into

different ways and modes of life of a
given society.

2. Anthropology also helps us understand

our own ways of lives.
Contributions of Anthropology

3. Anthropology helps us fight against

prejudices and discriminations.

4. Anthropology is also used as a tool for

development.
 Lesson 2.
Anthropology and
Economics
Donald B. Aguinaldo, PhD
Subject Teacher
ECONOMICS

• “oikonomos” (household management)

• The proper allocation and efficient use of
available resources for the maximum
satisfaction of human wants.
ECONOMICS

Production
 Creation of goods and services to
satisfy human wants.
Factors/inputs of Production
• Land (Rent)
• Labor (Wages)
• Capital (Interest)
• Entrepreneur (Profit)
 LAND
Original gift of nature
 LABOR
Exertion of physical and mental efforts
of individuals
 CAPITAL
A finished product whish is used to
produce other goods
 ENTREPRENEUR
The organizer and coordinator of the
land, labor, and capital.
PROBLEMS OF
ECONOMICS

• Scarce resources but unlimited human

wants
• Unjust distribution of productive
resources among the members of the
society
DIVISION OF
ECONOMICS

1. Microeconomics
2. Macroeconomics
DIVISION OF
ECONOMICS
1. Microeconomics
 Economic behavior of individual units
such as consumers, firms, and the owners
of the factors of production
 E.g., price of rice, the number of workers
of SMC, the income of Mr. Cruz, the
expenditures of CAGELCO
DIVISION OF
ECONOMICS
2. Macroeconomics
 Economic behavior of the whole economy
or its aggregates such as government,
business, and household.
 E.g., GNP, GDP, level of employment,
national income, general level of prices,
total expenditures
3 BASIC ECONOMIC
PROBLEMS

1. What goods and services to produce and

how much?
2. How to produce the goods and services?
3. For whom are the goods and services?
The GOAL OF ECONOMICS

Social Justice

 Economic growth
 Full employment
 Price stability
 Economic freedom
 Equitable distribution of wealth and
income
 Economic security
Law of Supply
P = QS

P = QS
Determinants of Supply
• Technology
• Cost of production
• Number of sellers
• Prices of other goods
• Price expectations
• Taxes and subsidies
Law of Demand
P = QD

P = QD
Determinants of Demand
• Income
• Population
• Taste and preferences
• Price expectation
• Prices of related goods
Law of Supply and Demand
S  D = P

D  S = P