cience

Earth and Life S

Lesson 4.1

GEO L OG IC P ROC E S S E S
AND H A Z A R D S
IONS, A ND L A NDSL ID ES
THQUA K E S, VO L CANIC ERUPT
EAR

Key Questions:
ogic hazards?
• What are the different geol
ows?
• What does a hazard map sh log ic hazards and how do we
s ca u se som e geo
• How do we human
prepare for such?
GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES
•THESE ARE NATURALLY OCCURING EVENTS THAT DIRECTLY OR
INDIRECTLY IMPACT THE GEOLOGY OF THE EARTH.
EG. PLATE TECTONICS, WEATHERING, EARTHQUAKES, VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS, MOUNTAIN FORMATION, DEPOSITION, EROSION,
DROUGHT, FLOODING, LANDSLIDE, ETC.
GEOLOGIC HAZARDS
•THESE ARE EXTREME NATURAL EVENT IN THE CRUST OF THE
EARTH THAT POSES THREAT TO LIFE AND PROPERTY
EG: EARTHQUAKES, VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS, TSUNAMI TIDAL
WAVES, AND LANDSLIDES
EARTHQUAKE

•IT IS THE MINIMAL TO RAPID SHAKING OF THE GROUND DUE TO

THE MOVEMENT OF ROCKS ALONG FAULTS ON EARTH’S CRUST
PLATES MOVE >>>>ROCKS BREAK>>>>ENERGY IS
RELEASED>>>>EARTHQUAKE
EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
•GROUND SHAKING- MOST OBVIOUS HAZARD
•EARTHQUAKES CAUSE
•SURFACE FAULTING- BREAKING OF THE GROUND
•LANDSLIDE- DOWNWARD MOVEMENT OF THE SOIL
•LIQUEFACTION- SATURATION OF SOIL WITH WATER
•TSUNAMI- WHEN SHAKING HAPPENS ON THE SEAFLOOR
VOLCANIC ERUPTION

•OCCURS WHEN LAVA AND GAS ARE RELEASED

FROM A VOLCANO
 VOLCANIC HAZARDS
• TEPHRA- CONSISTS OF PYROCLASTIC FRAGMENTS
• PYROCLASTIC FLOW- DENSE, FAST-MOVING FLOW OF SOLIDIFIED LAVA PIECES,
VOLCANIC ASH, AND HOT GASSES
• LAHAR(MUDFLOW)- MIXTURE OF ROCK AND WATER THAT FLOWS DOWN THE SLOPE
OF A VOLCANO
• LAVA FLOWS AND DOMES- COMPOSED OF VISCOUS MAGMA/LAVA BEING ERUPTED
ONTO THE SURFACE OF A VOLCANO
• POISONOUS GASSES- ARE GASSES PRODUCED DURING VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
HAZARDS

•ARE PHENOMENA(NATURAL OR MAN-MADE) WHICH

POSES THREAT TO HUMANS, ANIMALS, PROPERTY,
AND ENVIRONMENT
CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDS

NATURAL ANTHROPOGENIC
• Deforestation
•VOLCANIC ERUPTION • Mining
•EARTHQUAKE • Climate change
• Landslide
•LANDSLIDE
•CLIMATE/WEATHER HAZARDS
LANDSLIDE

•IS THE MOVEMENT OF ROCK DOWN A SLOPE

•THIS IS A NATURAL HAZARD BUT HUMAN ACTIVITIES MAY SPEED
UP OR TRIGGER ITS OCCURENCES
HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT SPEED UP OR TRIGGER
LANDSLIDES

•OVERLOADING SLOPES •QUARRYING

•MINING •LAND POLLUTION
•LAND USE •EXCAVATION OF
•EXCAVATION ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAIN
•CUTTING OF TREES
EFFECTS OF LANDSLIDE
•PROPERTY DAMAGE
•INJURY
•DEATH
•AFFECTS WATER SUPPLY, FISHERIES, SEWAGE DISPOSAL
SYSTEMS, FOREST, DAMS, ROADWAYS
NEGATIVE ECONOMIC EFFECTS

•COST TO REPAIR STRUCTURES, LOSS OF PROPERTY VALUE,

DISRUPTIONS OF TRANSPORT ROUTES, MEDICAL COST, INDIRECT
COST
WE HAVE TACKLED A LOT ABOUT GEOLOGIC PROCESSES AND HAZARDS MOSTLY
SITUATED ON EARTHQUAKES, VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS, AND LANDSLIDES. WHY?
HAZARD MAP

•IT ILLUSTRATES AREAS THAT ARE EXPOSED OR PRONE TO A

PARTICULAR HAZARD.
•USED TO MITIGATE THE POTENTIAL NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF
HAZARDS