M3 S5 Logframe KSD 180916

Session V: Logframe
Module 3: Project Formulation/Preparation
Sidaroth KONG; September 2016

Contents
1. Learning Objective
2. What is Logframe?
3. Why Logframe is Important for PFP?
4. How to develop Logframe?
5. Recommended formats and tools for Logframe
6. Exercise
2
6. Exercise
3
Participants will know how to use the Logframe for a well-

design project.
4
Contents
6. Exercise
5
• The Logical Framework is one of the principal tools used by
the international development community to help design
projects to achieve measurable results.
• It was pioneered for USAID in the 1970s and has since been
widely adopted by multilateral and bilateral agencies,
NGOs, and governments.
6
• The Logical Framework, or Logframe, or Logical Framework Matrix,
consists of a table which usually has four columns and four rows.
• The vertical logic identifies what the project intends to do, clarifies the
causal relationships and specifies the important assumptions and
uncertainties beyond the project manager's control.
• The horizontal logic relates to the measurement of the effects of, and
resources used by, the project through the specification of key indicators
of measurement, and the means by which the measurement will be
verified.
7
• The Logframe is a vehicle for organizing a large amount of information in a
coherent and concise manner, assisting with the formulation,
implementation, and monitoring and evaluation of projects.
• The Logframe combines various components of a project such as overall

objective or goal or impact, purpose or outcome, results or outputs,
activities, indicators, means of verification, and important assumptions.
• Logframe helps in connecting all these components in one framework, and

presents the tight relationship among them.
8
what the project intends to do.
Project Objectively Verifiable Means of Verification Assumptions

Clarify the casual relationship
Summary Indicators (OVI) (MoV)

Overall
Objective
Vertical Logic
Purpose

Results

Activities
Logframe: USAID (2012)
Horizontal Logic
The measurement of the effects of and resources used by the project through the
specification of key indicators of measurement (OVI),
and the means by which the measurement will be verified (MoV). 9
Different terminologies used for elements of Logframe

• Different organizations use different terminologies for elements of
Logframe, summarized at the next table.
• This should not cause any confusion because what should be observed is
the placement of those terminologies in relation to the levels of
objective in the Logframe.
10
Different terminologies used for elements of Logframe
Project Summary/ OVI MoV Assumptions

Intervention Logic
Objective: long-term Impact Goal Overall
Objective
Objective: short-term Outcome Specific Purpose
Objective
Results Outputs Results Results
Activities Activities Activities Activities
Different Terminologies Used
11
Elements of Logframe: Understanding the Terminologies
• The Overall Objective should explain why the project is important to society in terms of the
long term benefits to beneficiaries and of the wider benefits to other groups.
• It should show how the project fits into sectorial or national goal or plan or policy, macro-level
context, to which the activities are designed to contribute.
• The Overall Objective will not be achieved by the project alone, but will require the impacts of
other projects as well.
• Examples of project’s overall objective are increased income, improved nutritional status,
reduced crime…
12
• The Purpose should address the main problem, and be defined in terms
of the benefits to be received by the project beneficiaries or target
group as a result of utilizing the services provided by the project.
• Examples of project purpose include increased agricultural production,
higher immunization coverage, cleaner water, or improved legal
services.
13
• The Results refer to the tangible products such as goods and services produced by undertaking a
series of tasks as part of the planned work of the activity. The delivery of results or outputs
should be largely under management’s control.
• The results should address the main causes of the problems the target group faces, and provide
the conditions necessary to achieve the project purpose. To ensure relevance of results, the
problem analysis should therefore have identified a beneficiary demand for project services.
• Examples of project results are irrigation systems or water supplies constructed, children
immunized, buildings or other infrastructure built, policy guidelines produced, and staff
effectively trained.
14
• The Activities are the specific tasks to be undertaken in order to achieve the results.
• For example, for a community to have a new water supply, the activities may include:
forming and establishing a water-user committee, writing water supply maintenance
procedures, site preparation, collection of local materials, tank construction and pipe
laying, digging soak pits, and so on.
• However, the Logframe should not include too much detail on activities, otherwise it will
become too lengthy and potentially prescriptive. If detailed specification is required, this
should be presented separately in a work plan but not all in the Logframe.
15
• The Objectively Verifiable Indicators (OVI) or Indicators are measure of progress or lack of
progress used to assess progress towards meeting stated results or objectives. An indicator
should provide, where possible, a clearly defined unit of measurement and a target detailing the
quantity, quality and timing of expected results.
• Examples of indicators are:
• Percentage of the population who live below the poverty line.
• Number of training or workshop conducted.
• Number of children who are vaccinated.
• Number or percentage of women and men who are graduated from university.
16
• In the Logframe table, we can also observe varying types of indicators which
are related to results/outputs, purpose/outcome and overall objective/impact.
Logframe Terminology Indicator Terminology

Overall Objective/Impact Impact indicators
Purpose/Outcome Outcome indicators
Results/Outputs Output indicators
Source: EC (2004)
17
•The Means of Verification (MoV) should clearly specify the expected source of the information we
need to collect. We need to consider how the information will be collected, who will be responsible,
and the frequency with which the information should be provided. Data sources can include:
• Project documentation such as training reports, partner meeting minutes, event reports, field
visit reports, campaign reports, workshop reports, and reports from focus group meetings or key
informant interviews.
• Government documents such as the national development plan or policies, sectorial
development plan, national statistics or surveys.
• Other documents from non-governmental organizations, donors, or the United Nations
18
•The Assumptions refer to perceptions made about conditions which could affect the
progress or success of the activity, but over which activity managers may have no
direct control.
•An assumption is a positive statement of a condition that must be met in order for
objectives to be achieved, while a risk is a negative statement of what might prevent
objectives from being achieved.
•For example: price changes, rainfall, land reform policies, non-enforcement of
supporting legislation.
19
The Logframe should provide a summary of the project design,

the length of which will depend on the scale and complexity of the
project.
20
Intervention Logic Objectively Verifiable Means of Verification (MoV) Assumptions
(Project Summary) Indicators (OVI)
Overall Objective IF the purpose/outcome is achieved,
(Goal/Impact) THEN this should contribute towards the goal/impact

Purpose
(outcome) IF outputs are produced, And assumptions
THEN the purpose/outcome will be achieved

Results
(outputs) IF the activities are undertaken, And assumptions
THEN outputs can be produced

Activities
IF adequate inputs are provided,
THEN activities can be undertaken And assumptions
21
The first column of the Logframe summarizes the ‘means-ends’ logic of the proposed
project (also known as the ‘intervention logic’). When the objective hierarchy is read
from the bottom up, it can be expressed in terms of:
• IF adequate inputs or resources are provided, THEN activities can be undertaken;

• IF the activities are undertaken, THEN results can be produced;
• IF results are produced, THEN the purpose will be achieved; and
• IF the purpose is achieved, THEN this should contribute towards the overall
objective.
22
Progressive Relationship of Goal/Overall Objective
“IF” and “THEN” (ultimate change)
from “INPUTS” to “GOAL” Purpose
(change resulting from results)
Results
(direct deliverables of activities)
Activities
(specific tasks)
Inputs
(resources, people, knowledge) Concept adapted from (UNODC, 2008)

23
If reversed, we can say that
• IF we wish to contribute to the overall objective, THEN we must achieve the
purpose;
• IF we wish to achieve the purpose, THEN we must deliver the specified
results;
• IF we wish to deliver the results, THEN the specified activities must be
implemented;
• IF we wish to implement the specified activities, THEN we must apply
identified inputs or resources.
24
Contents
6. Exercise
25
Logframe is important for PFP for the number of reasons :
• The use of Logframe or shared terminologies facilitate common
understanding and better communication among project staff and
stakeholders – decision-makers, managers, government, project
partners, community members.
• It provides systematic information and logical analysis of a project
through a framework consisting of key interrelated elements, which as a
result constitutes a well-designed project.
26
Logframe is important for PFP for the number of reasons:
• It is the core reference document to be used throughout the entire project cycle
management. Project team normally uses Logframe in order to know what were
planned, what have to be implemented, what are the expected results, and to
monitor whether implementation follows the planning.
• It ensures continuity of approach when the original project member resigns or is
replaced.
• Some donors require a summary of project information in Logframe to be
submitted with the project proposal.
27
Contents
6. Exercise
28
4. How to Develop Logframe?
• The results of the problem, objective and strategy analysis are
used as the basis for preparing the Logframe.
• The next diagram presents a development process from problems
in the problem tree, to objectives in the objective tree, to strategy
selection through the use of the objective tree, and to Logframe:
29
Problem Tree Objective Tree Strategy, Goal – Logframe
Effect Objective
Main Problem Main Objective
Cause 1.1 Objective 1.1
Cause 1.1.1 Obj 1.1.1
Cause 1.1.2 Obj 1.1.2
Cause 1.1.3 Obj 1.1.3
30
Logframe development process
• Step 1: With project stakeholders, problems are identified and analyzed
in the Problem Analysis in Problem/Project Identification (PPI) phase.
• Many causes or problems at root level contribute to a core or
main problem, this main problem then creates other problems at
the branch level. All of these present a causes-effects relationship
in the Problem Tree.
31
• Step 2: The Problem Tree is then transformed into the Objective Tree through
rewriting of problem statements into positive or objective statements.
• Causes-and-effects relationship in the Problem Tree is transformed into
means-ends relationship in the Objective Tree in Project
Formulation/Preparation (PFP).
• It is possible to restructure the objective hierarchy if the ideas are good
and the logic is sound. The number of levels in the objective hierarchy or
the exact formats used should not be of any great concern.
32
• Step 3: The Objective Tree is next used for strategy selection where
relevant objectives are kept and non-related objectives are removed
based on criteria of strategy selection agreed among the project team
and stakeholders.
• Step 4: The selected objectives after the strategy selection will be used
in the Logframe matrix or table.
33
Summary of the Logframe development process
Session: Session: Session: Project Session:

Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Problem Objective Tree Strategy and Logframe
Analysis Analysis Goal Tool: Logical
Tool: Problem Tool: Objective Tool: Objective Framework
Tree Tree Tree Matrix
Phase: PPI Phase: PFP Phase: PFP Phase: PFP
34
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4
Session: Problem Session: Objective Tree Session: Project Session: Logframe
Analysis Analysis Strategy and Goal Tool: Logical Framework
Tool: Problem Tree Tool: Objective Tree Tool: Objective Tree Matrix
Effects Objectives Objectives Overall Objective
Problems which are one Objectives which are one Selected objectives: one Selected objective: one or
or two levels above the or two level above the or two level above the two level above the main
main problem. main objective. main objective objective. If choosing
more than one objectives,
combine them into one
new overall objective.
35
Main Problem Main Objective Main Objective Purpose or Outcome

Problem which arrives Objective which arrives Selected one main One main objective.
from many causes, roots, from many objectives, objective.
and contributes towards means, and contributes
the effects, branches. towards other objectives,
ends.
36
Causes: level 1 Objectives: level 1 Objectives Results or Outputs
Problems which are one Objectives which are one Selected objectives: Selected objectives: one
level closer to the main level closer to the main one level closer to the level closer to the main
problem, or direct objective, or direct main objective, or objective, or direct
causes to the main objectives to the main direct objectives to the objectives to the main
problem. objective. main objective. objective.
37
Causes: level 2 and Objectives: level 2 and Objectives Activities

further down further down
Problems which are Objectives who are two Selected objectives: Selected objectives: two
two levels or further levels or further down two levels or further level or further down
down from the main from the main objective. down from the main from the main objective.
problem. objective.
38
The Logframe, therefore, summarizes :
• Activities: what are the specific tasks to be carried out?
• Results: what the project is going to deliver?
• Purpose/Outcome: why a project is being proposed?
• Indicators: how the progress or success of the project can be determined or
measured?
• Means of Verification: where the information required to assess the progress of
the project can be found or verified?
• Assumptions: what are the potential issues which could affect the success of the
project.
39
Level of control over the different objective levels of Logframe
• The Logframe also helps to indicate the degree of control
managers have over the different levels of the project’s objectives.
• Managers should have significant direct control over inputs,
activities and the delivery of results, and should be held
appropriately accountable for effectively managing theses
elements of the project.
40
Level of control over the different objective levels of Logframe
• However, managers can only exert influence over the achievement of the project
purpose or outcome through the way in which the delivery of results is managed.
• Project managers generally have no direct influence over the contribution the
project makes to the overall objective or goal, and can only be expected to
monitor the broader policy and program environment to help ensure the project
continues to be contextually relevant.
41
To illustrate the development of Logframe on two examples:
• Project 1: “improve the quality of river water”
• Project 2: “reduced infant and maternal mortality rates”
In these two examples, the starting point is to use results from
strategy selection step (these examples are also shown in the
Project Strategy and Goal session)
42
Project 1: improve the quality of river water
(EC, 2004)
The objectives marked in

red are transformed into
the Logframe
43
In this example, the overall objective is formulated from the
combination of “incidence of water borne diseases and illnesses
is reduced, particularly among poor families and under 5s” and
“to improve the general health of the riverine eco-system”:
 New Overall Objective: To contribute to improved family

health, particularly the under 5s, and to improve the
general health of the riverine eco-system.
44
Project Summary Indicators MoV Assumptions
Overall Objective
To contribute to Incidence of water Municipal hospital
improved family borne diseases, skin and clinic records,
health, particularly infections and blood including maternal
the under 5s, and to disorders caused by and child health
improve the general heavy metals, reduced records collected by
health of the riverine by 50% by 2008 project teams.
eco-system. specifically among low
income families living
along the river.
45
Purpose
(/outcome) Concentration of heavy Monthly water quality The pubic
Improved quality of metal compounds (Pb, surveys, jointly conducted by awareness
river water. Cd, Hg) and untreated the Environmental Protection campaign
sewerage reduced by Agency and the River conducted by the
25% (compared to Authority, and reported Local Government
levels in 2003) and monthly to the Local impacts positively
meets established Government Minister for on families’
national health or Environment sanitation and
pollution control hygiene practices.
standards by end of
2007.
46
Results
(/outputs)
Volume of waste-water 70% of waste water Annual sample Upstream water
directly discharged into produced by factories survey of households quality remains
the river system by and 80% of waste and factories stable.
households and water produced by conducted by
factories reduced. households is treated Municipalities
in plants by 2006. between 2003 and
2006.

47
Activities
1. Conduct baseline 1. Number of households 1. Report of baseline 1. Households and
survey of households and businesses who survey of businesses
and businesses received and/or households and respond to the
2. Complete engineering responded to the survey. businesses survey
specifications for 2. Consultative Meetings 2. Engineering
expanded sewerage conducted with specifications
network stakeholders on document
3. Prepare tender engineering 3. Tender documents,
documents, tender and specifications. call for tender
select contractor to 3. The number of tender announcement,
expand the sewerage applications submitted, contract signed with
network and the finally rewarded the rewarded
contractor. contractor.

48
Activities
4. Identify appropriate 4. Discussion forums 4. Findings report on
incentives for with factories on the appropriate
factories to use clean incentive of using incentives for
technologies clean technologies factories to use clean
5. Prepare and deliver 5. Public information technologies
public information and campaign on TV, 5. Campaign reports
awareness program radio, social media from TV, radio, social
media

49
Project 2: “reduced infant and maternal
mortality rates”
(ITAD, 1999)
The objectives marked in

Not Selected red are transformed into
the Logframe
Not Selected Not Selected
Not Selected
50
In this example, a new project purpose will be formed from
the combination of “rates of infection among babies & infants
reduced”, “reduced incidence of acute birth complications”,
and “rates of postpartum & neonatal infection reduced”:
 New Project Purpose: Health status of pregnant &
nursing mothers, infants & babies improved.
51
Overall Objective
Infant & maternal Mortality rates reduced for National statistics from
mortality rates reduced. Under-1s, under-5s & the Ministry of Health
pregnant & nursing before starting of the
mothers from X to Y by project, at mid-term,
2016 and end project
evaluation

52
Purpose
(/outcome)  Incidence of post-partum &  Hospital & clinic Incidence of
Health status of neonatal infection within records, infectious
pregnant & nursing health centers reduced from analyzed at the diseases in the
mothers, infants & X to Y by 2016 beginning, mid- household
babies improved.  Rates of infectious diseases term, and the end reduced.
(polio, measles, tetanus) of the project
among under-5s reduced  Sample survey of
from X to Y by 2016 target group
 Incidence of acute birth conducted &
complications reduced from X analyzed in years
to Y by 2016 1, 3 & 5
53
Results
(/outputs)  Number of patients  Hospital records, Pregnant &
Quality & efficiency of treated increased from analyzed nursing mothers
secondary healthcare X to Y by 2016 quarterly able to access
improved.  Average cost of  Client cash to pay for
treatment per patient satisfaction treatment
reduced from X to Y by survey,
2016 conducted
 Increased patient annually
satisfaction with
standards of care

54
Activities
1. Design & implement new 1. The new procedures 1. Reports or logs
procedures for: that are in place and from the use of
 Personnel used new procedures
management
 Vehicle & equipment
maintenance
 Drug storage & control
 Financial control & cost
recovery
55
Activities
2. Design & implement 2. Number of 2. Training Department of Health
staff training program for: training reports; maintains level of funding
 Patient care programs attendance at
 Hygiene conducted lists pre-project levels in real
maintenance terms.
 Basic accounting
 Data collection & Suitably qualified staff
analysis willing to work in rural areas
56
Contents
6. Exercise
57
Recommended Formats for Logframe
• Some organizations, in relation to its size and/or scale of their
project or program, use different formats of Logframe.
• Although the Logframe matrix usually has four columns and four
rows, which is already presented in the above sections, the
number of columns and rows can be added or removed according
to the practical use and necessity of each organization.
58
Format four columns and three rows: no activity is included
• In some cases, the Logframe should not include too much
detail on activities, otherwise it will become too lengthy and
potentially prescriptive.
• If detailed specification is required, this should be presented
separately in a work plan but not all in the Logframe.
59
Project Summary OVI MoV Assumptions
(1) (2) (3) (4)
(1)
Overall Objective
(2)
Purpose
(3)
Results
60
(1) (2) (3) (4)
(1)
Overall Objective
(2)
Purpose
(3)
Results
61
Format four columns and five rows: include activities and inputs
Some organizations add inputs – such as personnel, finance, equipment,
infrastructure, and so on – to show what are needed in order to carry
out the activities.
62
Format four columns and five rows: include activities and inputs
(1) (2) (3) (4)
(1)
Overall Objective
(2)
Purpose
(3)
Results
(4)
Activities
(5) Personnel, finance, equipment, infrastructure, and so on.
Inputs
63
Recommended tools for Logframe
• In brief, the recommended tools are problem tree and
objective tree, explained in details with their steps in “How
to develop Logframe?”
64
Contents
6. Exercise
65
6. Exercise
Group Work on
• Exercise #1: Develop a Logframe
66
References
• AusAID. (2005). The Logical Framework Approach. AusGuideline. Australian Government.
• DFID. (2011, January). Guidance on using the revised Logical Framework. A DFID Practice Paper: How to Note. Department of International
Development.
• EC. (2004). Aid Delivery Methods: Project Cycle Management Guidelines. European Commission.
• FundsForNGOs. (2010). What is Logical Framework Analysis (LFA) and why is it important? Funds for NGOs.
• ITAD. (1999). Project Cycle Management Training Handbook. Information Training and Agricultural Development.
• LA GRA, J. (1990). Annex 13 - The logical framework. In A Commodity Systems Assessment Methodology for Problem and Project
Identification. University of Idaho.
• Taylor, L., Thin, N., & Sartain, J. (2003). Logical Framework Analysis. Guidance Notes No.4. BOND: Networking for International
Development.
• Team Technologies. (2005). The logframe handbook : a logical framework approach to project cycle management. Washington, DC: World
Bank.
• USAID. (2012). The Logical Framework. Technical Note Number 2. United States Agency for International Development.
67

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Session V: Logframe

Module 3: Project Formulation/Preparation

Sidaroth KONG; September 2016

Participants will know how to use the Logframe for a well-

• The Logframe combines various components of a project such as overall

• Logframe helps in connecting all these components in one framework, and

Project Objectively Verifiable Means of Verification Assumptions

Summary Indicators (OVI) (MoV)

Different terminologies used for elements of Logframe

Project Summary/ OVI MoV Assumptions

Logframe Terminology Indicator Terminology

The Logframe should provide a summary of the project design,

• IF adequate inputs or resources are provided, THEN activities can be undertaken;

Main Problem Main Objective

Cause 1.1 Objective 1.1

Cause 1.1.1 Obj 1.1.1

Cause 1.1.2 Obj 1.1.2

Cause 1.1.3 Obj 1.1.3

Session: Session: Session: Project Session:

Main Problem Main Objective Main Objective Purpose or Outcome

Causes: level 2 and Objectives: level 2 and Objectives Activities

The objectives marked in

 New Overall Objective: To contribute to improved family

The objectives marked in

Not Selected Not Selected

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