Information And Communication

Engineering Dept.

Electronics
Second Stage
Lecture (2) BJT r-Model
Asst. Prof. Dr. Ammar Ibrahim Majeed
Lecture - 2 Electronics Dr. Ammar Ibrahim Majeed BJT ac equivalent circuit ( r model)

BJT Transistor Modeling

To visualize the operation of a transistor in an amplifier circuit, it is often useful to
represent the device by a model circuit. A transistor model circuit uses various internal
transistor parameters to represent its operation. Transistor models are described in this section
based on resistance or r parameters. Another system of parameters, called hybrid or h
parameters, is briefly described.

r Parameters
The r parameters that are commonly used for
BJTs are given in Table shown. Strictly
speaking, αac and βac are current ratios, not r
parameters, but they are used with the
resistance parameters to model basic transistor
circuits. The italic lowercase letter r with a
prime denotes resistances internal to the
transistor.
Lecture - 2 Electronics Dr. Ammar Ibrahim Majeed BJT ac equivalent circuit ( r model)

r-Parameter Transistor Model

An r-parameter model for a BJT is shown in Figure (a) below. For most general analysis
work, it can be simplified as follows: The effect of the ac base resistance (r’b) is usually
small enough to neglect, so it can generally be replaced by a short. The ac collector
resistance (r’c) is usually several hundred kilohms and can approximately be replaced by
an open. The resulting simplified r-parameter equivalent circuit is shown in Figure (b)
below.
Lecture - 2 Electronics Dr. Ammar Ibrahim Majeed BJT ac equivalent circuit ( r model)

Relation of transistor symbol to r-Parameter model

The interpretation of this model circuit in terms of a transistor’s ac operation is as
follows:
A resistance (r’e) appears between the emitter and base terminals. This is the resistance
“seen” looking into the emitter of a forward-biased transistor. The collector effectively
acts as a dependent current source of αac Ie or, equivalently, βac Ib, represented by the
diamond shaped symbol. These factors are shown with a transistor symbol in Figure
below.
Lecture - 2 Electronics Dr. Ammar Ibrahim Majeed BJT ac equivalent circuit ( r model)

Determining re by a Formula
For amplifier analysis, the ac emitter resistance, r’e, is the most important of the r
parameters. To calculate the approximate value of r’e, you can use equation below, which
is derived assuming an abrupt junction between the n and p regions. It is also temperature
dependent and is based on an ambient temperature of 20°C.
Lecture - 2 Electronics Dr. Ammar Ibrahim Majeed BJT ac equivalent circuit ( r model)

The re Transistor Model

A common-base PNP transistor has been inserted within the two-port structure. The re
model for the transistor has been placed between the same four terminals. The model
(equivalent circuit) is chosen in such a way as to approximate the behavior of the device, it
is replacing in the operating region of interest.
Recalling from previous lecture that one junction of an operating transistor is forward-
biased while the other is reverse-biased. The forward-biased base-to-emitter junction will
behave much like a diode. The diode equivalence between the same two terminals seems to
be quite appropriate. For the output side, recall that Ic= α Ie. Therefore, The current source
is established.
Lecture - 2 Electronics Dr. Ammar Ibrahim Majeed BJT ac equivalent circuit ( r model)

The re Transistor Model

Recall from previous lecture that the ac resistance of a diode can be determined by the
equation rac = 25 mV/ID, where ID is the dc current through the diode, we have:

Substituting the resulting value of re give us the useful model:

Lecture - 2 Electronics Dr. Ammar Ibrahim Majeed BJT ac equivalent circuit ( r model)
Lecture - 2 Electronics Dr. Ammar Ibrahim Majeed BJT ac equivalent circuit ( r model)

NPN transistor
Lecture - 2 Electronics Dr. Ammar Ibrahim Majeed BJT ac equivalent circuit ( r model)

For the common-emitter configuration, the input terminals are the base and emitter terminals,
but the output set is now the collector and emitter terminals. Substituting the re equivalent
circuit for the NPN transistor will result in the configuration shown on the right above. Note
that the controlled-current source is connected between the collector and base terminals and
the diode between the base and emitter terminals. In this configuration, the base current is the
input current while the output current is Ic.
Lecture - 2 Electronics Dr. Ammar Ibrahim Majeed BJT ac equivalent circuit ( r model)
Lecture - 2 Electronics Dr. Ammar Ibrahim Majeed BJT ac equivalent circuit ( r model)
Lecture - 2 Electronics Dr. Ammar Ibrahim Majeed BJT ac equivalent circuit ( r model)

Example:
Lecture - 2 Electronics Dr. Ammar Ibrahim Majeed BJT ac equivalent circuit ( r model)
Lecture - 2 Electronics Dr. Ammar Ibrahim Majeed BJT ac equivalent circuit ( r model)

Example:
Lecture - 2 Electronics Dr. Ammar Ibrahim Majeed BJT ac equivalent circuit ( r model)
Lecture End