海洋酸化对大型海藻化感作用于一种

常见珊瑚的潜能的影响

Effects of ocean acidification on the

potency of macroalgal allelopathy to a
common coral

廖芝衡（ Liao Zhiheng ）

海洋学院（ Marine Institute ）
2017.11.13
 了解什么是石珊瑚和海藻
Learn about hard coral and macroalgae
 1. 石珊瑚（ Hard
Coral ）

Enlargement

石珊瑚属于珊瑚虫纲 ( 腔肠动物门 ) ，是由许多的珊瑚虫及其分泌的碳酸钙骨骼

形成的珊瑚群体。珊瑚与甲藻门的虫黄藻共生，因此珊瑚能进行光合作用（ Hard
coral is belong to Anthozoa （ Coelenterata ）， coral colony is constitute by
many small polyps and their secreted calcium carbonate skeleton. Coral can
photosynthesis ， because the zooxanthella symbiotic in the coral tissue )

---Photoed by Guangxi University, Marine Institute ， 2015

 2. 大型海藻
（ Macroalgae ）

仙掌藻属 Halimeda 喇叭藻属 网地藻属 Dictyota

Turbinaria
大型海藻主要指绿藻门 、 红藻门 、 褐藻门及蓝藻门这 4 个门的大多数藻类。（ Macroalgae
are mainly include the most of species from Green Algae （ Chlorophyta ）， Red
Algae （ Rhodophyta ）， Brown Alga （ Phaeophyta ） and Blue Algae
（ Cyanobacteria ） . ）
 3. 海藻和珊瑚的竞争（ Coral and algae competition ）

在珊瑚礁区，珊瑚与底栖海藻是主要的组成。底栖海藻（大型海藻和草皮海藻）是珊瑚的主
要竞争者，通过各种竞争机制，竞争有限的生存空间、光照等。（ On coral reef ecosystem,
coral and algae are the major compose. Benthic algae （ macroalgae and turf algae ）
are the main competitors competing with corals in coral reefs ， they are mainly
compete for habitat space and light. ）
 4. 海藻和珊瑚的竞争机制
（ The competition mechanisms of coral and algae ）

1. 物理机制：覆盖生长（窒息）、遮蔽、擦伤、抢占空间 ...
2. 化学机制：化感作用、可溶性有机碳释放；
3. 微生物机制：大型海藻直接向珊瑚传入病原体、大型海藻释放 DOC 干扰健康珊瑚表面的菌落。

1. Physical mechanism ： overgrowth(smothering) 、 shading 、 abrasion 、 space pre-

emption ...
2. Chemical mechanism ： allelopathy 、 dissolved organic carbon （ DOC ） release.
3. Microbiological mechanism: macroalgae direct transfer pathogenic microorganism to
coral 、 macroalgae release DOC to disturb the microbial community on healthy coral.
 Introduction

珊瑚礁是地球上多样性最丰富和最复杂的生态系统之一，为 5 亿多人提供生计、食物、和重要的生态服务。
然而全世界的大部分珊瑚礁都急剧退化，许多的珊瑚礁正处于直线衰退过程中。现在许多的珊瑚礁发生了由珊
瑚占主导转变成（相移）海藻占主导。由于二氧化碳浓度升高造成的海洋酸化（ OA ）被假定为有利于大型海
藻取代珊瑚，促成礁区的“相移”过程；但在海洋酸化条件下影响珊瑚 - 海藻相互作用的机制仍不清楚。
Coral reefs are one of the most diverse and complex ecosystems on the planet and provide
livelihoods, food, and important ecosystem services for hundreds of millions of people. However, a
large proportion of reefs worldwide are severely degraded, and many reefs are on a trajectory of
decline.Many coral reefs have phase shifted from coral to macroalgal dominance. Ocean acidification
(OA) due to elevated CO2 is hypothesised to advantage macroalgae over corals, contributing to these
shifts, but the mechanisms affecting coral-macroalgal interactions under OA are unknown.
 Methods
1.CO2 升高对珊瑚 - 大型海藻竞争的影响
1.Effects of elevated CO2 on coral-macroalgal competition.
Sites ：本研究在澳大利亚大堡礁开展。
Sites ： Research was conducted at the Heron Island Research Station (HIRS), Great Barrier Reef.
Material and method ：一种枝状鹿角珊瑚，三种常见的与珊瑚接触的大型海藻（绯缄藻、网地藻、绿毛藻）。我们的因子试验包
括五个级别的珊瑚 - 藻类竞争处理组和三个水平的 CO2/ pH 海洋酸化处理。五个处理组类型：（ 1 ）珊瑚 - 绯缄藻相互作用对；
（ 2 ）珊瑚 - 网地藻相互作用对；（ 3 ）珊瑚 - 绿毛藻相互作用对；（ 4 ）仅有珊瑚的控制组；（ 5 ）塑料仿真海藻与珊瑚接触组。
以上各处理组分别暴露在三个 CO2 水平（环境的 (380 CO2 ppm, pH = 8.16 ± 0.02), 中等的 (540 CO2 ppm; pH = 7.86 ± 0.03),

高的 (936 CO2 ppm; pH = 7.70 ± 0.02) ）进行 25 天实验；并每天测定珊瑚组织的损失量。

Material and method ： One branching coral Acropora intermedia ， and three macroalgae （ Chlorodesmis fastigiata,
Canistrocarpus cervicornis, Amansia glomerata ） are common and frequently in contact with corals on the reef. Our factorial
experiment consisted of a coral-algal competition treatment with five levels and an ocean acidification treatment with
three levels of CO2/pH manipulation. Five treatments ： (1) coral- Ch. fastigiata interaction pair ； (2) coral- C. cervicornis
interaction pair ； coral- A. glomerata interaction pair ； (4) coral control (coral alone, no alga present); （ 5 ） a coral
branch in contact with an inert algal mimic. All the above treatments were exposed to three CO 2 levels （ ambient (380

CO2 ppm, pH = 8.16 ± 0.02), medium(540 CO2 ppm; pH = 7.86 ± 0.03), and high (936 CO2 ppm; pH = 7.70 ± 0.02) ） for
 Methods
2.CO2 升高对大型海藻化感作用的潜能的影响
2.Effects of elevated CO2 on the potency of macroalgal allelopathy
材料：三种大型海藻（绯缄藻、网地藻、绿毛藻）的表层化感物质；原位生长的中间鹿角珊瑚 。
Material ： Surface allelochemicals of the three macroalgae （ C. cervicornis, A. glomerata and Ch. fastigiata ）；
in situ A. intermedia at a depth of 6 m.
方法：把这三种大型海藻分别暴露在两个 CO2 浓度水平（ PH8.16 、 PH7.69 ）下处理 14 天；之后依据现有的方法提

取大型海藻的表层化感物质。分别把这 6 种类型（ 3 种海藻， 2 个 C02 水平）化感物质融入 1*1cm 的植物凝胶带中。

再把这些植物凝胶带与 6m 水深的珊瑚分支（每组 15 个重复，共 105 个凝胶带）接触处理 24 小时后，移除凝胶带然
后使用 Diving-PAM 测量所有珊瑚接触部位的有效量子效率（ EQY ）。
Method ： These three macroalgae were exposed to two levels of CO2, ambient (control, pH: 8.16 ) and high
(936 CO2-ppm,pH: 7.69 ) for 14 days ； then extracted the surface allelochemicals from the experimental
macroalgae following existing protocols. Incorporated these six allelochemicals （ 3 algae species, twoCO2
levels ） into 1 × 1 cm Phytagel pads. These phytagel pads were put into contact with the surface of A.
intermedia branches (n = 15 ， total105 gel pads) in situ at a depth of 6 m. After 24h, using Diving-PAM
measuring the Effective Quantum Yield of all the coral branch in contact with phytagel pads .
 Methods
3.Data analyses.

Two-way nested ANOVA ； two-way (non-nested) ANOVA; one-way ANOVAs ； post hoc
Tukey tests ； Shapiro-Wilk test 、 Levene-Equality of Several Variance and Cochran tests .
Results
1.CO2 和珊瑚 - 大型海藻竞争 对珊瑚组织减少（局部死亡）的影响
1.Effects of CO2 and coral-macroalgal competition on coral tissue loss (partial morality).

CO2: ambient (380 ppm);

medium (540 ppm) ；
high (936 ppm).
Fig.1

Fig1. 暴露在不同海洋酸化水平条件和不同珊瑚 - 海藻竞争处理条件下，中间鹿角珊瑚的组织损失率（ %/

天）。 Fig1. Mean rate of tissue loss (percent per day) in Acropora intermedia corals exposed to
varying levels of ocean acidification and coral-macroalgal competition treatments .
 Results
1.CO2 和珊瑚 - 大型海藻竞争对珊瑚组织损耗（局部死亡）的影响
1.Effects of CO2 and coral-macroalgal competition on
coral tissue loss (partial morality).

Fig.2 在珊瑚和藻类竞争和海洋酸化实验期间，珊瑚组织损失的百分比。
Fig2. Percentage of coral tissue loss through time during a
coral-algal competition and ocean acidification experiment.

Fig.2
 Results
1.CO2 和珊瑚 - 大型海藻竞争对珊瑚组织损耗（局部死亡）的影响
1.Effects of CO2 and coral-macroalgal competition on
coral tissue loss (partial morality).
珊瑚与大型海藻竞争和 CO2 的处理会显着影响珊瑚组织的减少。在所有 CO2 条件下，大型海藻与珊瑚的接

触都增加了珊瑚组织损失的速率（ Fig1 ）。但是在升高的 CO2 浓度下，每天的珊瑚组织死亡率会显着增加

（ Fig2 ）。暴露在所有大型海藻实验组下的珊瑚都会比控制组或暴露在仿真海藻组下的珊瑚更快地导致珊瑚
的局部死亡 (Fig2) 。与大型海藻隔离的珊瑚和与塑料仿真海藻接触的珊瑚，暴露在中等或高水平的 CO2 与下
也遭受组织减少，说明海洋酸化能单独地引起一些珊瑚受损。
The coral-macroalgal competition and CO2 treatments significantly affected coral tissue

loss. Macroalgal contact with corals increased the rate of coral tissue loss in all CO 2
conditions. but the rate of tissue death per day increased significantly under elevated
concentrations of CO2. Corals exposed to any macroalga are more rapidly experienced partial
mortality, than control corals or corals exposed to the algal mimic （ Fig2 ） .Corals isolated
from all macroalgae and corals in contact with plastic macroalgal mimics (mimicking the
physical presence of algae) exposed to medium or high CO 2 levels also experienced some tissue
 Results
2.CO2 对大型海藻的化感作用潜能的影响
2.Effects of CO2 on the potency of macroalgal allelochemicals.

Figure 3. 在 高 CO2 （ 936ppm ） 和 正 常

CO2 （ 380ppm ）条件下，暴露在绯缄藻属、绿毛藻属、网

地藻三种大型海藻的表层脂溶性提取物去接触珊瑚，原位珊
瑚体内共生虫黄藻的平均有效光量子产量（ EQY ）。 Fig3.
Mean effective quantum yield (±SEM, n = 15) of
symbiotic dinoflagellates in in-situ corals exposed to
contact with lipid-soluble surface extracts from the
macroalgae Canistrocarpus cervicornis, Chlorodesmis
fastigiata and Amansia glomerata grown under elevated CO2
(936 CO2 ppm) and ambient conditions (380 ppm).

植物凝胶控制组
Fig3.
 Results
2.CO2 对大型海藻的化感作用潜能的影响
2.Effects of CO2 on the potency of macroalgal allelochemicals.

Table1. Two-way ANOVA 检测三种大型海藻的脂溶性提取物在两种 CO2 水平下，对中间鹿角珊瑚 有效量

子效率（ EQY ）的影响。
Table1. Two-way ANOVA to test for the effects of extracts from three macroalgae grown under
two CO2 levels [ambient (Amb) and high] on effective quantum yield (EQY) of Acropora intermedia
corals(as a measure of the potency of allelopathic extracts; Fig. 3).
 Results
2.CO2 对大型海藻的化感作用潜能的影响
2.Effects of CO2 on the potency of macroalgal allelochemicals.

升高 CO2 时，仅有绯缄藻属的脂溶性提取物增强了对鹿角珊瑚的化感作用效能 (Fig. 3, Table 2) ；而对于

绿毛藻和网地藻的脂溶性提取物在升高 CO2 浓度条件下并不显著增加其化感作用的潜能 (Fig. 3, Table 2) 。对

于绯缄藻属，升高 CO2 浓度会增强化感作用对鹿角珊瑚组织的负面影响。

Elevated CO2 enhanced macroalgal allelopathy against A. intermedia but only for the alga C.
cervicornis(Fig. 3, Table 2). In contrast, surface extracts from Ch. fastigiata and A. glomerata were not
significantly more potent when grown under elevated CO2 concentrations (Fig. 3, Table 2). For C.

cervicornis, elevated CO2 concentrations enhanced the negative effects of allelochemicals on coral
tissue.
 讨论与结论 Discussion and conclusion

讨论 Discussion ：
（ 1 ）试验中的三种大型海藻（绯缄藻、网地藻、绿毛藻）在 2050 年和 2100 年预测的 CO2 浓

度条件（ 540 CO2 ppm 、 936 CO2 ppm ）下与珊瑚竞争时，比当今的 CO2 浓度条件下更易
于损害鹿角珊瑚。
（ 1 ） Three common macroalgae （ Chlorodesmis fastigiata, Canistrocarpus cervicornis,
Amansia glomerata ） are more damaging to a common coral when they compete under
CO2 concentrations predicted to occur in 2050 （ 540 CO2 ppm ） and 2100 （ 936 CO2
ppm ） than under present-day conditions.
 讨论与结论 Discussion and conclusion

（ 2 ）本实验中，两种大型海藻通过化感作用损害珊瑚，另一种海藻仅在升高 CO2 条件下才产生化感作用损

害珊瑚（损害表现为降低珊瑚的 EQY ）。
（ 2 ） two macroalgae damage corals via allelopathy, and that one macroalga is allelopathic under
conditions of elevated CO2, but not at ambient levels.

（ 3 ）如果绯缄藻生长在升高的 CO2 浓度和环境 CO2 浓度条件下，网地藻的脂溶性表层提取物更显著地损害

野外生长的中间鹿角珊瑚（损害表现为降低珊瑚的 EQY ），；而在高 CO2 浓度条件下生长的网地藻、绿毛藻

的提取物的化感作用都没有得到增强。
（ 3 ） Lipid-soluble, surface extracts from the macroalga Canistrocarpus cervicornis were significantly
more damaging （ Damaging appears to reduce coral EQY ） to the coral Acropora intermedia
growing in the field if these extracts were from thalli grown under elevated vs ambient
concentrations of CO2. Extracts from the macroalgae Chlorodesmis fastigiata and Amansia glomerata were
 讨论与结论 Discussion and conclusion.

结论：
海洋酸化（ OA ）的加剧有利于大型海藻战胜珊瑚，海藻的化感作用可以介导珊瑚和海藻的相互作用，
OA 可能会增强一些大型海藻的化感作用。在 OA 条件下其它作用机制也会影响珊瑚 - 大型海藻的相互作用，
OA 会进一步抑制已遭受大型海藻 / 草皮海藻 爆发的珊瑚礁的恢复力。
Conclusion ：
Our results demonstrate increasing ocean acidification(OA )advantages seaweeds （ i.e.
macroalgae ） over corals, that algal allelopathy can mediate coral-algal interactions, and that OA
may enhance the allelopathy of some macroalgae. Other mechanisms also affect coral-macroalgal
interactions under OA, and OA further suppresses the resilience of coral reefs suffering blooms of
macroalgae.
谢谢观看！
THE END

汇报人：廖芝衡