MICROSCOPE

CELLS & TISSUE

ANPHY211 LAB ACT 1

COLLEGE OF NURSING
1ST SEM 2021-2020
DR SONNIE P TALAVERA
RISK MANAGEMENT
CARE AND USE OF
MICROSCOPE
 MICROSCOPE
 Enlarged image and view morphologic cellular
detail

 STAINS &DYES
 Give contrast by creating light absorbance of
varying degree
 Untruly taken by each tissue elements

ANAPHY211 DR SONNIE P. TALAVERA 2021

ANAPHY211 DR SONNIE P. TALAVERA 2021
RISK MANAGEMENT
CARE AND USE OF
MICROSCOPE
 Parts of Main Framework
 Base
 Support for microscope
 Arm
 HANDLE, support and hold magnifying lens and adjustment system
 Stage
 Flat form for the slide
 Substage
 Hold condenser and diaphragm
 Mechanical Stage
 Permits movement of stage

ANAPHY211 DR SONNIE P. TALAVERA 2021

ANAPHY211 DR SONNIE P. TALAVERA 2021
RISK MANAGEMENT
CARE AND USE
 Parts of Lens System
OF
MICROSCOPE
 Nosepiece
 Revolving touret—change of objective
 Objective
 Increase or decrease magnification
 Eyepiece
 OCULAR, receive image from the objective lens
 Focal length
 Length /distance between objective lens and coverglass/slip of the
slide

ANAPHY211 DR SONNIE P. TALAVERA 2021

RISK MANAGEMENT
CARE AND
 Magnification
USE OF
MICROSCOPE
 Process of measuring the size of the structure
under examination
 TOTAL MAGNIFICATION
 Objective x ocular x tube length = total
magnification
 40 x 10 x 180/160 = 450x

ANAPHY211 DR SONNIE P. TALAVERA 2021

RISK MANAGEMENT
CARE AND USE OF
 ILLUMINATOR SYSTEM
MICROSCOPE
 Light Source( Light bulb)--- enclosed

 Optical System
 Condenser
 Parallel ray of light to part to part of focus in the plane of focus
 Objective
 Magnify the object
 Ocular
 Further magnify image
ANAPHY211 DR SONNIE P. TALAVERA 2021
RISK MANAGEMENT
CARE AND USE
 Numerical Aperture
OF
MICROSCOPE
 Resolving Power of Objective
 Ability to allow to see 2 part that are close together / separate and
distinct
 Measures between two lines

 NA or light gathering capacity of lens

 Governs resolution and wavelength of light employed -

ANAPHY211 DR SONNIE P. TALAVERA 2021

RISK MANAGEMENT
CARE AND USE OF
MICROSCOPE
 Daily Care
Preventive maintenance
 Clean with lens paper
 Oil to be remove after use(xylene)
 Microscope
 Dust microscope and lens paper to clean lenses
 Ocular lens cleaning , check ocular illumination

ANAPHY211 DR SONNIE P. TALAVERA 2021

RISK MANAGEMENT
CARE AND USE OF
MICROSCOPE

Daily Care

 Rotation of the eye pieceshows dust--- clean

 Substage look for dust, always focus up
 Microscope cover when not in use
 Removal of dust by air bulb
 Handling movement, cradle one hand and the other support base

ANAPHY211 DR SONNIE P. TALAVERA 2021

ANAPHY211 DR SONNIE P. TALAVERA 2021
Parenchyma
Structural and functional characteristic cell of an
tissue or an organ
Most numerous cell found in the area
 Neurons-spinal cord
 Pyramidal cell-cerebellum
 Osteocytes- bones
 Chondrocytes- cartilage
 Hepatocytes- liver
 Cardiac muscle- heart
 Epidermal cell/squamous cell-skin
Stroma
Supporting tissue of the organ
Usually are forms of connective tissues
 Perimysium, epimysium, endomysium-skeletal muscle
 Meninges, neuroglial cell(astrocytes, oligodendrocytes,microglial)-
spinalcord
 Glissons capsule/interlobular connective tissue- liver
 Perichondrium- cartilage
 Endosteum/ periosteum-bone
Shape

Flattened or squamous
 epidermis of skin nad endothelium

Cuboidal
 thyroid follicle, distal convoluted tubules
of nephrons

Columnar
 bladder, trachea intestine
Shape

Flattened or squamous
 epidermis of skin nad endothelium

Cuboidal
 thyroid follicle, distal convoluted tubules
of nephrons

Columnar
 bladder, trachea intestine
Shape

Stellate/star shape
 neurons, osteocytes

Cylindrical/ tubular
 skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle

Fusiform
 Purkenji cells of cerebellum
Shape

Stellate/star shape
 neurons, osteocytes

Cylindrical/ tubular
 skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle

Fusiform
 Purkenji cells of cerebellum
Shape

Polyhedral/ polygonal
 hepatocytes

Ovoid
 osteocytes

Disc shape
 erythrocytes

 Spindle shape
 smoothe muscle, fibroblast
Shape

Polyhedral/ polygonal
 hepatocytes

Ovoid
 osteocytes

Disc shape
 erythrocytes

 Spindle shape
 smoothe muscle, fibroblast
Arrangement of Cells
In layers or sheet
 epidermis of skin, smooth muscle

In bundles/ fascicles

 cardiac muscle cells, skeletal muscle

Concentric
 osteocytes of compact bone
Arrangement of Cells
In layers or sheet
 epidermis of skin, smooth muscle

In bundles/ fascicles

 cardiac muscle cells, skeletal muscle

Concentric
 osteocytes of compact bone
 Arrangement of Cells

Haphazard/ random
 no definite arrangement
 neurons of spinal cord, osteocytes of
spongy bone

Isogenous
 chondrocytes of hyaline and cartilage

Cords/row/column
 hepatocytes, chondrocyte of fibrocartilage
Body Tissues
· Cells are specialized for particular functions
· Tissues
· Groups of cells with similar structure and function
· Four primary types
· Epithelium
· Connective tissue
· Nervous tissue
· Muscle
Epithelial Tissues
· Found in different areas
· Body coverings
· Body linings
· Glandular tissue

· Functions
· Protection
· Absorption
· Filtration
· Secretion
Epithelial tissues
 Composition
 Epithelial cells
 Extra/intracellular substance

 Characteristic
 Continuous cells in apposition over a large portion of their
surface
 Cell rest in continuous extracellular layer, called the basal
lamina
 Absence of blood vessels among the cell (avascularity)
 Cells are arrange in sheets or layers
Epithelial tissues
Function
 As a boundary layer
 Specialized for absorption and secretion
 They bear motile cilia to move a film of fluid or mucous
over its surface
 On the exterior of the body, resist abrasion and
dehydration
Epithelial tissues
Origins of Epithelium
Three Primary Germ Layer
Ectoderm
 - epidermis, glandular appendages of the skin
Mesoderm
 -vascular endothelium, kidney, reproductive tracts
Endoderm
 - intestinal tract, liver , pancreas and lungs
Epithelial tissues

Membranous epithelium
 Covering the surfaces and lining cavities
Glandular epithelium
 Synthesized specific products
Classification of Epithelium
· Shape of cells
Squamous
· flattened
Cuboidal
· cube-shaped
Columnar
· column-like

Figure 3.16b

Slide 3.44b
 Subtypes of epithelial tissue

· Number of cell layers

Simple Epithelium
· one layer
Stratified Epithelium
· 2 or more than one
layer

Figure 3.16a
Simple Epithelium
Pseudostratified
· Single layer, but some cells have different size and
nucleus in diff areas

Figure 3.17d

Slide 3.48
Stratified Epithelium
Transitional epithelium
· Shape of cells depends upon the amount of
stretching

Figure 3.17f

Slide 3.51
According to presence of cell surface specialization

 Cilia
 Microvillus -
 brush border
 striated borders
 steriocilia
 keratin
ANAPHY211 DR SONNIE P. TALAVERA 2021
Simple Epithelium

Simple squamous
· Single layer of flat cells
· Usually forms
membranes
· Lines body cavities
· Lines lungs and
capillaries
· Endothelium

Figure 3.17a
Simple Epithelium
· Simple cuboidal
· Single layer of
cube-like cells
· Common in glands
and their ducts
· kidney tubules DCT
· Covers the ovaries,
thyroid follicle,rete
testis
Simple Epithelium
Simple columnar
· Single layer of tall
cells
· Often includes goblet
cells, which produce
mucus
· Lines digestive tract
and Gallbladder,
uterus and fallopian
tube
 simple columnar with striated borders-
 small intestine (ileum)
 simple columnar ciliated-
 uterus and fallopian tube
Simple Epithelium
· Pseudostratified
· Single layer, but some
cells have different size
and nucleus in diff areas
· Often looks like a double
cell layer
· Sometimes ciliated, such
as in the respiratory tract
· May function in
absorption or secretion
 pseudostratified with steriocilia-
 ductus epidydimis
 pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells-
 trachea and RT
 pseudostratified ciliated without goblet cells-
 olfactory mucosa
Stratified Epithelium
· Stratified squamous
· Cells at the free edge are
flattened
· Found as a protective
covering where friction
is common
· Locations
· Skin
· Mouth
· Esophagus
Tissue
a. Stratified squamuos keratinized= example: skin, outer
layer consists of dead, epithelium

b. Stratified squamuos NON-keratinized= examples: mouth,

esophagus, larynx
Stratified Epithelium
· Stratified cuboidal
· Two layers of cuboidal cells
· Glands of sweat gland and sebaceous
· Pars carvernosa of male urethra
· Stratified columnar
· Surface cells are columnar, cells underneath
vary in size and shape
· Ducts of salivary and mammary duct
· Penile urethra
Stratified Epithelium

· Transitional
epithelium
· Shape of cells depends
upon the amount of
stretching
· Lines organs of the
urinary system
Glandular Epithelium
· Gland – one or more cells that secretes a particular
product
· Two major gland types
· Endocrine gland
· Ductless
· Secretions are hormones
· Exocrine gland
· Empty through ducts to the epithelial surface
· Include sweat and oil glands
Glandular Epithelium
Based on number of cells
· Unicellular gland (goblet
cells)
· Multicellular gland
Based on nature of secretion
· Mucous(goblet cells)
· Serous(parotid gland)
· Muco-serous(sublingual,
submandibular)
· Cytogenic (testis, ovarie)
Glandular Epithelium
Based on fate of secretory cells during secretion
Merocrine gland – no destruction of cells
· Sweat gland
Apocrine gland- partial destruction of cells
· Mammary gland
Holocrine gland-total destruction of cells
· Sebaceous gland

Based on morphology
• Tubular, alveolar, tubuloalveolar
multicellular gland
tubular
 simple tubular- intestinal crypts of Liberkuhn
 simple coiled tubular- eccrine gland
 simple branched tubular- fundic gland of the stomach
 compound tubular- liver, testis
multicellular gland

alveolar/acinar/saccular
 simple alveolar- sebaceous
gland
 simple branched alveolar-
sebaceous gland
 compound alveolar- mammary
gland

tubule aciunar / mixed /

racemose
 compound tubuloacinar-
salivary gland
 
Connective Tissue
· Found everywhere in the body/ characterized by large amount of
extracellular material that separate cell from one another
· Includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues
· Functions
· Binds body tissues together
· Supporting and moving
· Protecting
· Cushioning and insulating
· Storing energy
· Conecting tissue to one another
· Enclosing and separating tissues
COMPONENTS

connective tissue cells

 mast cells, which intimately surround blood vessels

 fibroblasts
 resident macrophages
 lymphocytes
COMPONENTS

extracellular matrix
 structural fibrous proteins (collagen, elastin)
 adhesive glycoproteins (fibronectin, laminin,
nonfibrillar collagen, tenascin, and others)
COMPONENTS

ground substance

 gel –like exgracellular matrix

 occupies all space between cells and fibers
 colorless translucent, highly hydrated gel
 major component is the GAG glycosaminoglycans
(heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and dermatan sulfate)
 Proteoglycans consist of a core protein linked to one or
more polysaccharides called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
 Hyaluronic acid(HA, hyaluronan or hyaluronate) are not
bound to core protein
COMPONENTS

PROTEOGLYCAN
 Fibronectin
 Interconnect the three component of connective tissues
 Integrins
 Bind collagen fiber directly
 Laminins
 Binding site for cell membrane, collagen fiber and heparin
SO4
 Copolymerizes with type IV collagen and entactin to form
basal lamina
CONNECTIVE TISSUE FIBER
Collagen
 is the most common protein/ MOST BUNDANT
FIBER
 COLORLESS STRAND
 Made up tropocollagen which is composed of a triple
helix of three polypeptide α chains, having a gly-
x-y repeating sequence. Hydroxyproline and
hydroxylysine
Collagen
TYPE I
 Found in the skin, bone tendon and capsules of organs
 Synthesize by fibroblast and also by osteoblast
TYPE II
 Found in ground substance of catrtilages and nucleus pulposus of IV disc
and vitreous body of the eye
 Synthesize by chondrocytes
TYPE III
 Found in fiber arranged in loose networks
 Synthesized by fibroblast, smooth muscle cells and hepatocytes
TYPE IV
 Copolymerizes with enactin and laminin
 Synthesized by epithelial cells
TYPE I- III
 Are reffered as interstitial collagen fiber
TYPE V- X
 have restricted
 Types I, II, III and V, and XI are the interstitial or
fibrillar collagens and the most abundant. Type IV is
nonfibrillar (forms sheets instead of fibrils) and is the
main component of the BM, together with laminin
 
reticular fiber

 support parenchyma of
amany organs
 typeIII and some
glycoprotein
 silevr stain- agyrop[hilic
 most abundant in
hemopoeitic tissues and
hallow organs
Elastic fiber

 Stain with resorcin-fuchsin

 Composed of elastin
 Desmosine and isodesmosine
 Synthesize by fibroblast
 Seen in IEL internal elastic lamina
of medium sized ateries and in
tunica media of large arteries and
parenchyma of alveolus
Connective tissue fixed cells

Fibroblast

 Principal cell of connective tissues

 Fusiform tapering on both ends
 Maybe flat or stellate
 Principal fxn of synthesis of collagen, elastin and
proteoglycans of ground susbstance
Connective tissue fixed cells

Adipose cells/ fat cells

 Arise from mesenchymal cells
 Take up/store triglycerides
 Signet ring in appearance-
nucleus push to the periphery
by fat globules
Connective tissue fixed cells

Mesenchymal cells
 Round stellate
 Smaller than fibroblast
 Pluripotent or multipotent-capable of transforming from one
form to another

Reticular cells
 Reticular fibers
 Stellate with long thin cytoplasmic process
 Some can phagocytosed antigenic materials and cellular
debris
 Other s can present antigens
FREE WANDERING CELLS

Macrophages
 Motile phagocytic cells
 Unstimulated- fusiform and stellate
 Smaller more deeply stained nucleus with numerous
lysosomes than the fibroblast
 Phagocytosed antibody and complement coated antigen
 Synthesize and release cytokine IL-1
 Antigen presentor
 Part of RES reticuloendothelial system or MPS monocyte
phagocyten system
 Kuffer cell, dendritic cell, osteeoclast, alveolar macrophages
Adult connective tissues

Loose collagenous

 Called Areolar tissue

 Occurs in areas of low
resistance is required
 Collagen fiber are small,
moderately abundant and
loosely interwoven
 Found in lamina propia of
stomach, pia mater ( spiunal
cord amnd cerebrum),
endoneurium, endomysium,
papillary dermis and capsule of
thymus
Adult connective tissues

Dense irregular

 Fiber are coarse and very

abundant with random
orientation
 Reticular dermis, all
capsule except thymus,
epimysium, epiuneurium
Adult connective tissues

Dense regular

 Fibers are closely

packed in parallel
bundles
 Tendons, aponeurosis,
ligaments , fascia
Adipose
 Reserve energy rich materials

White adipose
 White to pale yellow dependimng on the amount
of carotenoids
 Insulators

Leptin
 Controls Apettite center in the brain
 Produce hormones that influence CHO and lipid
metabolism
 Promotes the growth of capillaries

Resistin
 Causes increase resistance to insulin present in
obese causing DMII
Adipose

Brown adipose tissues

 Tan to reddish brownb in color

 Color due to rich vascularity and in part from cytochrome
in many mitochondria
 Energy reserve but no insulating function
 Babie relies on this for heat generation because of the
absence of shivering mechanism
 Abundant in animals that hibernates
 Thermogenin
 Uncoupling protein in brown adipose tissue that convert chemical energy to
heat energy
CLINICAL CORRELATION

Ehler Danlos Syndrome-

 deficient collagen results in lax ligaments and hyper-
extensible knee joints

Scleroderma-
 collagen fiber is made in excess making skin thick
and taut inferring with flexion of fingers and toes,
thickening of wall of esophagus and excessive
fibrosis of body parts
CLINICAL CORRELATION

Osteogenesis Imperfecta
 Mutation of the gene for type I collagen resulting in
abnormal synthesis of alpha or beta chain of collagen
fiber

Scurvy
 Lack of ascorbic acid that is a cofactor of proline
hydroxylase needed in the synthesis of collagen. Results
in ulceration of gums and some form of hemorrhage
Connective Tissue

Cartilage
Composed of cartilage cells or
chondrocytes located in space called
lacunae within extensive matrix. Collagen
in matrix gives flexible and strength
Cartilage is resilient because proteoglycan
trap water, may spring back after
compressed.
CARTILAGE
Hyaline Cartilage

 most abundant type

 it covers end of bone
where bone comes
together
 forms smooth resilient
surface that can
withstand compression
 rib cartilage
CARTILAGE
Fibrocartilage
 a bundle of collagen
fiber seen in matrix
 withstand
compression, able to
resist pulling or tearing
force.
 disk between vertebrae
CARTILAGE
Elastic Cartilage
 contains elastic fiber
 appears as coiled fibers
among collagen fibers
 able to recoil to its
original shape
 external ear
Connective Tissue
Bone
 Consists of hard connective tissue that has living cell
and mineralized matrix
 Strength and rigidity of mineralized matrix able bones
to support and protect other tissue
Connective Tissue

Blood
 Matrix is fluid, able blood cells to move through blood
vessels, blood may rapidly flow to the body, carry food,
oxygen and waste product
MUSCLE

a. Skeletal muscle
b. Cardiac muscle
c. Smooth muscle
 Nervous Tissue
 Responsible for coordinating and
controlling many bodily
activities.

conscious control of skeletal muscle/

unconscious control of cardiac muscle

 Emotion, reasoning skill and

memory will depend on the
ability of the nerve cell to
communicate from one cell to
another by electrical signal called
Action potential.
Tissue Repair
 Regeneration
 new cell are the same type as those that were
destroyed and function is restored.
 Replacement
 new types of tissue developed and eventually
cause scar and loss tissue function.
 “HEALTHY”
Granulation Tissue
Pathologic aspects of inflammation and
wound repair
 Aberrations in growth:
 Excessive amounts of collagen: keloid
 Excessive amounts of granulation tissue: proud flesh
 Uncontrolled proliferation of fibroblasts:
fibromatoses
END
GAME