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Ptc1-13 Lean Combustion Theory
Ptc1-13 Lean Combustion Theory
Nitrogen
N - 78% of atmosphere
- An inert gas
N - Naturally found as 2 atoms
- Chemical designation: N2
Trace Compounds in the Atmosphere
Water
H - Concentration depends on
O humidity and temperature
- Chemical designation: H20
H
Carbon Dioxide
- Makes up 0.034% of atmosphere
O - By-product of combustion
C - Exhausted by animal life
- Major contributor to greenhouse
effect
O - Chemical designation: CO2
Trace Compounds in the Atmosphere
Ozone
- Bluish, pungent gas
- Formed by ultraviolet light
O - Formed in upper atmosphere
O - By-product of photochemical smog
- Chemical designation: O3
O
Restricted Gases From
Incomplete Combustion
Hydrocarbons:
H H - Methane not included as toxic
- Key pollutant emitted by engines
C - Responsible for particulate matter
H H - Fuel in photochemical smog
(Methane) - Chemical designation: CxHy
Carbon Monoxide:
- Colorless and odorless
O - Extremely poisonous
- Believed to promote photochemical
C smog
- Chemical designation: CO
Restricted Gases Found in the Atmosphere
Nitric Oxide
N - Major oxide of nitrogen emitted by
the engine
O - Oxidizes quickly to nitrogen dioxide
- Chemical designation: NO
Nitrogen dioxide
- Pungent smell
O - The catalyst in photochemical smog
N - Yellowish brown in color (Haze)
- Chemical designation: NO2
O
Toxic Gases Normally Not Restricted
Sulfur Dioxide
NO2
(Nitrogen Dioxide)
NO O
(Nitric Oxide)
(Atomic Oxygen)
Formation of Ozone
O (Oxygen)
O
(Atomic Oxygen) O
O O
O (Ozone)
How Hydrocarbons
O
Act as a Fuel
(Atomic
Oxygen)
HC
(Hydrocarbon)
HCO
(Hydrocarbon oxide)
How Hydrocarbons Act as a Fuel
O
NO
HCO
HC
NO2
HC
O2
NO2
O
NO HC
O3
HCO Ozone
Main Toxicant
NO2 Photochemical
HC Smog
Stoichiometric Combustion
Stoichiometric Combustion
O N
H
O O H H
H N
C O
N C
H N O O
O
H O
H H
Stoichiometric Exhaust
H H
O H H N
C O C N
H H H H
O O
H H
N O C
N O H H
Rich Combustion
O N
H O
O H
H N
C H C
N O
H H
H N C
O
H O H H
H H
Cooler Flame
Rich Exhaust
O N
O O N
O
H H
C O
N H H O O O
O
N O
Lean Combustion
O N O N
O H H
N
C O
O N
H O O O
H O
O
Cooler Flame
Lean Exhaust
NOx Production
C0 F0 Temperature vs. Oxygen
807 1300 5
670 1250
4
EXHAUST TEMP
642 1200
EXHAUST O2
3 02 %
615 1150
2
587 1100
1
559 1050
Max NOx
532 1000 0
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
CO
NOX
HC
CO
NOX
NMHC
- High
Combustion Rich Lean - Power Loss
Temperature
- Misfire
- Detonation
Timing Retard
- Poor
BSFC
Fuel BTU Variation
Window
Disadvantage:
Method of reduction:
- Operates at an extremely lean air/fuel ratio
Advantages:
- Cost savings
- Ability to operate on sour fuels (sulfur)
Emissions
%CO & NOX NOx, CO, & HC %HC
CO HC
NOX