IMOG E NE KI NG

NURSING THEORIST

le L.
By: Cadsawan, Lea Dimp
Genodipa, Mary Jane
BRIEF BIOGRAPHY OF IMOGENE KING
•BORN : JANUARY 30, 1923 IN WEST POINT, LOWA
•DIED : DECEMBER 24,2007, 2
•1945: NURSING DIPLOMA FROM ST. JOHN’S HOSPITAL SCHOOL, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
•1948: BSN FROM ST. LOUIS UNIVERSITY
•1957: MSN FROM ST. LOIUS UNIVERSITY
•1961: EDD FROM TEACHER’S COLLEGE, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, NEW YORK
•1966-1968: ASST. CHIEF, RESEARCH GRANTS BRANCH, DIVISION OF NURSING,
WASHINGTON D.C.
BRIEF BIOGRAPHY OF IMOGENE KING
•1968-1972: DIRECTOR, SCHOOL OF NURSING AT OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
•1961-1966: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AT LOYOLA UNIVERSITY, CHICAGO
•1971-1980: PROFESSOR AT LOYOLA UNIVERSITY, CHICAGO
•1947-1958: MED-SURG NURSING INSTRUCTOR AND ASST. DIRECTOR OF ST. JOHN’S
HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING
•1990: RETIRED WITH THE TITLE PROFESSOR EMERITUS AFTER SERVING AS PROFESSOR AT
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA, COLLEGE OF NURSING
•CONTINUED TO SPEAK AT CONFERENCES AROUND THE WORLD AND CONSULTED WITH
STUDENTS WHO WERE USING AND STUDYING HER THEORY
 KING’S INTERACTING
SYSTEM FRAMEWORK AND
THEORY OF GOAL
ATTAINMENT
 BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
• NURSING FOCUS IS THE CARE OF HUMAN BEING
• NURSING GOAL IS THE HEALTH CARE OF INDIVIDUALS & GROUPS
• HUMAN BEINGS: ARE OPEN SYSTEMS INTERACTING CONSTANTLY WITH
THEIR ENVIRONMENT. BASIC ASSUMPTION OF GOAL ATTAINMENT THEORY
IS THAT NURSE AND CLIENT COMMUNICATE INFORMATION, SET GOAL
MUTUALLY AND THEN ACT TO ATTAIN THOSE GOALS, IS ALSO THE BASIC
ASSUMPTION OF NURSING PROCESS
 BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
• “EACH HUMAN BEING PERCEIVES THE WORLD AS A TOTAL PERSON IN
MAKING TRANSACTIONS WITH INDIVIDUALS AND THINGS IN
ENVIRONMENT”
• “TRANSACTION REPRESENTS A LIFE SITUATION IN WHICH PERCEIVER &
THING PERCEIVED ARE ENCOUNTERED AND IN WHICH PERSON ENTERS THE
SITUATION AS AN ACTIVE PARTICIPANT AND EACH IS CHANGED IN THE
PROCESS OF THESE EXPERIENCES”
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
• IMOGENE KING’S INTERACTING SYSTEMS FRAMEWORK EMPHASIZES THE
IMPORTANCE OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN NURSES AND PATIENTS.
• IT VIEWS THIS INTERACTION AS AN OPEN SYSTEM WHICH IS IN CONSTANT
INTERACTION WITH A VARIETY OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS.
• 3 SYSTEMS: PERSONAL, INTERPERSONAL AND SOCIAL SYSTEMS
 MAJOR CONCEPTS
• INTERACTING SYSTEM
PERSONAL SYSTEM
INTERPERSONAL SYSTEM
SOCIAL SYSTEM
PERSONAL SYSTEM: PERCEPTION, SELF, GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT, BODY IMAGE, SPACE, AND TIME

• PERCEPTION— A PROCESS OF ORGANIZING, INTERPRETING, AND

TRANSFORMING INFORMATION FROM SENSE DATA AND MEMORY THAT
GIVES MEANING TO ONE'S EXPERIENCE, REPRESENTS ONE'S IMAGE OF
REALITY, AND INFLUENCES ONE'S BEHAVIOR.
• SELF— A COMPOSITE OF THOUGHTS AND FEELINGS THAT CONSTITUTE A
PERSON'S AWARENESS OF INDIVIDUAL EXISTENCE, OF WHO AND WHAT HE
OR SHE IS.
• GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT— CELLULAR, MOLECULAR, AND BEHAVIORAL
CHANGES IN HUMAN BEINGS THAT ARE A FUNCTION OF GENETIC
ENDOWMENT, MEANINGFUL AND SATISFYING EXPERIENCES, AND AN
ENVIRONMENT CONDUCIVE TO HELPING INDIVIDUALS MOVE TOWARD
MATURITY.
• BODY IMAGE—A PERSON'S PERCEPTIONS OF HIS OR HER BODY.
• TIME—THE DURATION BETWEEN THE OCCURRENCE OF ONE EVENT AND THE
OCCURRENCE OF ANOTHER EVENT.
• SPACE—THE PHYSICAL AREA CALLED TERRITORY THAT EXISTS IN ALL
DIRECTIONS.
INTERPERSONAL SYSTEM: INTERACTION,
COMMUNICATION, TRANSACTION, ROLE, AND STRESS

• INTERACTIONS—THE ACTS OF TWO OR MORE PERSONS IN MUTUAL PRESENCE; A

SEQUENCE OF VERBAL AND NONVERBAL BEHAVIORS THAT ARE GOAL DIRECTED.
• COMMUNICATION—THE VEHICLE BY WHICH HUMAN RELATIONS ARE
DEVELOPED AND MAINTAINED; ENCOMPASSES INTRAPERSONAL,
INTERPERSONAL, VERBAL, AND NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION.
• TRANSACTION—A PROCESS OF INTERACTION IN WHICH HUMAN BEINGS
COMMUNICATE WITH THE ENVIRONMENT TO ACHIEVE GOALS THAT ARE VALUED;
GOAL-DIRECTED HUMAN BEHAVIORS.
• ROLE—A SET OF BEHAVIORS EXPECTED OF A PERSON OCCUPYING A
POSITION IN A SOCIAL SYSTEM.
• STRESS—A DYNAMIC STATE WHEREBY A HUMAN BEING INTERACTS WITH
THE ENVIRONMENT TO MAINTAIN BALANCE FOR GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT,
AND PERFORMANCE, INVOLVING AN EXCHANGE OF ENERGY AND
INFORMATION BETWEEN THE PERSON AND THE ENVIRONMENT FOR
REGULATION AND CONTROL OF STRESSORS.
• COPING—A WAY OF DEALING WITH STRESS.
SOCIAL SYSTEM: ORGANIZATION, AUTHORITY, POWER, STATUS,
DECISION-MAKING AND CONTROL

• ORGANIZATION—COMPOSED OF HUMAN BEINGS WITH PRESCRIBED

ROLES AND POSITIONS WHO USE RESOURCES TO ACCOMPLISH PERSONAL
AND ORGANIZATIONAL GOALS.
• AUTHORITY—A TRANSACTIONAL PROCESS CHARACTERIZED BY ACTIVE,
RECIPROCAL RELATIONS IN WHICH MEMBERS' VALUES, BACKGROUNDS,
AND PERCEPTIONS PLAY A ROLE IN DEFINING, VALIDATING, AND ACCEPTING
THE AUTHORITY OF INDIVIDUALS WITHIN AN ORGANIZATION.
• STATUS—THE POSITION OF AN INDIVIDUAL IN A GROUP OR A GROUP IN
RELATION TO OTHER GROUPS IN AN ORGANIZATION.
• DECISION MAKING—A DYNAMIC AND SYSTEMATIC PROCESS BY WHICH
GOAL-DIRECTED CHOICE OF PERCEIVED ALTERNATIVES IS MADE AND
ACTED UPON BY INDIVIDUALS OR GROUPS TO ANSWER A QUESTION AND
ATTAIN A GOAL.
• CONTROL—BEING IN CHARGE.
• POWER—THE PROCESS WHEREBY ONE OR MORE PERSONS INFLUENCE
OTHER PERSONS IN A SITUATION.
INTERACTING SYSTEM FRAMEWORK
 THEORY OF ASSERTIONS

• KING’S THEORY OF GOAL ATTAINMENT FOCUSES ON THE INTERPERSONAL

SYSTEM AND THE INTERACTIONS THAT TAKE PLACE BETWEEN
INDIVIDUALS, SPECIFICALLY IN THE NURSE-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP.
• KING DEVELOPED EIGHT PROPOSITIONS IN HER THEORY OF GOAL
ATTAINMENT.
EIGHT PROPOSITIONS:
• IF PERCEPTUAL CONGRUENCE IS PRESENT IN NURSE-CLIENT INTERACTIONS, TRANSACTIONS WILL OCCUR.
• IF NURSE AND CLIENT MAKE TRANSACTIONS, GOALS WILL BE ATTAINED.
• IF GOALS ARE ATTAINED, SATISFACTIONS WILL OCCUR.
• IF GOALS ARE ATTAINED, EFFECTIVE NURSING CARE WILL OCCUR.
• IF TRANSACTIONS ARE MADE IN NURSE-CLIENT INTERACTIONS, GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT WILL BE ENHANCED.
• IF ROLE EXPECTATIONS AND ROLE PERFORMANCE AS PERCEIVED BY NURSE AND CLIENT ARE CONGRUENT,
TRANSACTIONS WILL OCCUR.

• IF ROLE CONFLICT IS EXPERIENCED BY NURSE AND CLIENT OR BOTH, STRESS IN NURSE-CLIENT INTERACTIONS
WILL OCCUR.

• IF NURSES WITH SPECIAL KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS COMMUNICATE APPROPRIATE INFORMATION TO CLIENTS,
MUTUAL GOAL SETTING (TRANSACTIONS) AND GOAL ATTAINMENT WILL OCCUR.
NURSE-PATIENT TRANSACTIONS
MODEL
• ACTION IS DEFINED AS A SEQUENCE OF BEHAVIORS INVOLVING MENTAL AND PHYSICAL
ACTION.

• REACTION IS NOT SPECIFICALLY DEFINED BUT MIGHT BE CONSIDERED TO BE INCLUDED

IN THE SEQUENCE OF BEHAVIORS DESCRIBED IN ACTION.

• INTERACTION IS A PROCESS OF PERCEPTION AND COMMUNICATION BETWEEN PERSON

AND ENVIRONMENT AND BETWEEN PERSON AND PERSON REPRESENTED BY VERBAL AND
NONVERBAL BEHAVIORS THAT ARE GOAL-DIRECTED.

• TRANSACTION IS A PROCESS OF INTERACTIONS IN WHICH HUMAN BEINGS

COMMUNICATE WITH THE ENVIRONMENT TO ACHIEVE GOALS THAT ARE VALUED;
TRANSACTIONS ARE GOAL-DIRECTED HUMAN BEHAVIORS. METAPARADIGM: PERSON
 METAPARADIGM

1. PERSON
2.HEALTH
3.ENVIRONMENT
4.NURSING
1.PERSON

HUMAN BEING OR PERSON REFERS TO SOCIAL BEING WHO ARE RATIONAL AND SENTIENT.

PERSON HAS ABILITY TO :
PERCEIVE
THINK
FEEL
CHOOSE
SET GOALS
SELECT MEANS TO ACHIEVE GOALS AND
TO MAKE DECISION

HUMAN BEING HAS THREE FUNDAMENTAL NEEDS:
 THE NEED FOR THE HEALTH INFORMATION THAT  IS UNABLE AT THE TIME WHEN IT IS NEEDED AND CAN BE USED
THE NEED FOR CARE THAT SEEK TO PREVENT ILLNESS, AND
THE NEED FOR CARE WHEN HUMAN BEINGS ARE UNABLE TO HELP THEMSELVES
2. HEALTH
HEALTH INVOLVES DYNAMIC LIFE EXPERIENCES OF A HUMAN BEING, WHICH IMPLIES CONTINUOUS
ADJUSTMENT TO STRESSORS IN THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT THROUGH OPTIMUM USE OF
ONE’S RESOURCES TO ACHIEVE MAXIMUM POTENTIAL FOR DAILY LIVING.
3. ENVIRONMMENT
ENVIRONMENT IS THE BACKGROUND FOR HUMAN INTERACTIONS.
IT INVOLVES:
INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT: TRANSFORMS ENERGY TO ENABLE PERSON TO ADJUST TO CONTINUOUS
EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES.
EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT: INVOLVES FORMAL AND INFORMAL ORGANIZATIONS. NURSE IS A PART OF
THE PATIENT’S ENVIRONMENT.
4. NURSING
DEFINITION: “A PROCESS OF ACTION, REACTION AND INTERACTION BY WHICH NURSE AND CLIENT SHARE INFORMATION ABOUT THEIR
PERCEPTION IN NURSING SITUATION.” AND “ A PROCESS OF HUMAN INTERACTIONS BETWEEN NURSE AND CLIENT WHEREBY EACH
PERCEIVES THE OTHER AND THE SITUATION, AND THROUGH COMMUNICATION, THEY SET GOALS, EXPLORE MEANS, AND AGREE ON
MEANS TO ACHIEVE GOALS.”
 ACTION: IS DEFINED AS A SEQUENCE OF BEHAVIORS INVOLVING MENTAL AND PHYSICAL ACTION.
REACTION: WHICH IS CONSIDERED AS INCLUDED IN THE SEQUENCE OF BEHAVIORS DESCRIBED IN ACTION.
IN ADDITION, KING DISCUSSED:
(A)    GOAL
(B)   DOMAIN AND
(C)    FUNCTIONS OF PROFESSIONAL NURSE
GOAL OF NURSE: “TO HELP INDIVIDUALS TO MAINTAIN THEIR HEALTH SO THEY CAN FUNCTION IN THEIR ROLES.”
DOMAIN OF NURSE: “INCLUDES PROMOTING, MAINTAINING, AND RESTORING HEALTH, AND CARING FOR THE SICK, INJURED AND
DYING.
FUNCTION OF PROFESSIONAL NURSE: “TO INTERPRET INFORMATION IN NURSING PROCESS TO PLAN, IMPLEMENT AND EVALUATE
NURSING CARE.
 THEORY OF GOAL
ATTAINMENT AND NURSING
PROCESS
ASSESSMENT
• ASSESSMENT OCCUR DURING INTERACTION.
• THE NURSE BRINGS SPECIAL KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS WHEREAS CLIENT BRINGS
KNOWLEDGE OF SELF AND PERCEPTION OF PROBLEMS OF CONCERN, TO THIS INTERACTION.
• DURING ASSESSMENT NURSE COLLECTS DATA REGARDING CLIENT (HIS/HER GROWTH &
DEVELOPMENT, PERCEPTION OF SELF AND CURRENT HEALTH STATUS, ROLES ETC.)
• PERCEPTION IS THE BASE FOR COLLECTION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA.
• COMMUNICATION IS REQUIRED TO VERIFY ACCURACY OF PERCEPTION, FOR INTERACTION
AND TRANSACTION.
NURSING DIAGNOSIS
• THE DATA COLLECTED BY ASSESSMENT ARE USED TO MAKE NURSING DIAGNOSIS IN
NURSING PROCESS.

• IN PROCESS OF ATTAINING GOAL THE NURSE IDENTIFIES THE PROBLEMS, CONCERNS

AND DISTURBANCES ABOUT WHICH PERSON SEEK HELP.

IMPLEMENTATIONS
• IN NURSING PROCESS IMPLEMENTATION INVOLVES THE ACTUAL ACTIVITIES TO
ACHIEVE THE GOALS.

• IN GOAL ATTAINMENT IT IS THE CONTINUATION OF TRANSACTION.

PLANNING
• AFTER DIAGNOSIS, PLANNING FOR INTERVENTIONS TO SOLVE THOSE PROBLEMS IS
DONE.

• IN GOAL ATTAINMENT PLANNING IS REPRESENTED BY SETTING GOALS AND MAKING

DECISIONS ABOUT AND BEING AGREED ON THE MEANS TO ACHIEVE GOALS.

• THIS PART OF TRANSACTION AND CLIENT’S PARTICIPATION IS ENCOURAGED IN

MAKING DECISION ON THE MEANS TO ACHIEVE THE GOALS.
EVALUATION

• IT INVOLVES TO FINDING OUT WHETHER GOALS ARE ACHIEVED OR NOT.

• IN KING DESCRIPTION EVALUATION SPEAKS ABOUT ATTAINMENT OF GOAL AND
EFFECTIVENESS OF NURSING CARE.
 Nursing process theory
Nursing process method

A system of oriented concepts

A system of oriented actions

Perception, communication and interaction of nurse

and client
Assessment

Planning Decision making about the goals

Be agree on the means to attain the goals

Implementation Transaction made

Evaluation Goal attained

REFERENCES

• HTTP://NURSING-THEORY.ORG/NURSING-THEORISTS/IMOGENE-KING.PHP\
• HTTP://IMOGENEKINGTHEORY.BLOGSPOT.COM/
• HTTP://CURRENTNURSING.COM/NURSING_THEORY/GOAL_ATTAINMENT_THEORY.HTML
• HTTPS://NURSINGTHEORIES.WEEBLY.COM/IMOGENE-M-KING.HTML