VOLCANOES

• Illustrate how Volcanoes are formed.

• Compare the different types of particles blown out of a volcano.
• Compare active, dormant and extinct volcanoes.
• Illustrate how energy from volcanoes may be tapped for human
use.
• Demonstrate emergency preparedness before, during and after
volcanic eruption
 What are volcanoes?
A volcano is a mountain-shaped mass and basically
a vent from which magma, gases and volcanic ash
escape to the Earth’s surface.

o 1610s, from Italian vulcano "burning mountain,"

o Latin Vulcanus "Vulcan,“
o Roman god of fire, also "fire, flames, volcano"
 How are volcanoes formed?

Formed when red-hot liquid magma finds its way up to the

Earth's surface. That magma falls along the sides of the
volcano, then hardens into rock. This forms the characteristic
cone shape.
 How and why do volcanoes erupt?
• Hot, molten rock (magma) is buoyant (has a lower density than the surrounding
rocks) and will rise up through the crust to erupt on the surface.
• Same principle as hot air rising, e.g. how a hot air balloon works
• When magma reaches the surface it depends on how easily it flows (viscosity) and
the amount of gas (H2O, CO2, S) it has in it as to how it erupts.
• Large amounts of gas and a high viscosity (sticky) magma will form an explosive
eruption!
• Think about shaking a carbonated drink and then releasing the cap.
• Small amounts of gas and (or) low viscosity (runny) magma will form an effusive
eruption - - where the magma just trickles out of the volcano (lava flow).
Anatomy of a volcano
 Volcanic Materials
1. Basaltic lava is dark-colored and contains a lot of water.
- it is rich in iron and magnesium.
- basalt and igneous rock.
2. Rhyolitic lava is light – colored magma that contains iron, magnesium
and silica which accounts for its light color.
-rhyolite
3. Andesitic lava has a chemical composition similar to those of the dark-
colored (mafic) and light-colored (felsic) types.
- andesite
4.
Quiz #1
MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE:

1. Small amounts of gas and a low viscosity magma will form an explosive eruption.
2. Rhyolitic lava is light – colored magma that contains iron, magnesium and silica.
3. Deep within the earth, under tremendous pressure and temperature, rocks exist as hot
liquid called lava.
• Identification
4. What is the name of this rock?

5. What kind of volcanic material is being described as dark-colored,

contains a lot of water and it is rich in iron and magnesium.
 6

7
8

10
 Types of volcano
1.
1. Cinder cones
• The simplest type of volcano.
• They formed from lava particles emitted in a vent. As the lava spewed
out into the air, it fragments into small debris that later on solidifies and
falls as cinder around the vent. This eventually forms a circular or oval
cone.
• Most cinder cones have a bowl-shaped crater at the summit and rarely
rise more than a thousand feet.
• Most cinder cones have one crater.
• Cinder cones are numerous in western North America as well as
throughout other volcanic terrains of the world.
Taal Volcano
2. Composite Volcanoes or Stratovolcanoes
• They are typically steep-sided, symmetrical cones of large
dimension built of alternating layers of lava flows, volcanic
ash, cinders, blocks, and bombs and may rise as much as
2500 meters above their bases.
• Some of the most conspicuous and beautiful mountains in
the world are composite volcanoes.
• Most composite volcanoes have a crater at the summit
which contains a central vent or a clustered group of vents.
• Mt. Pinatubo
Zambales
• Mt. Mayon
ALbay
• Kanlaon Volcano
Cebu
• Smith Volcano
Babuyan Island
3. Shield volcanoes
• Shield volcanoes are built almost entirely of fluid lava flows.
• Flow after flow pours out in all directions from a central summit
vent, or group of vents, building a broad, gently sloping cone of
flat, domical shape, with a profile much like that of a warrior's
shield.
• They are built up slowly by the accretion of thousands of highly
fluid lava flows called basalt lava that spread widely over great
distances, and then cool as thin, gently dipping sheets.
• Mauna Lao
Largest shield volcano- 4000 meters above sea level
• Mauna Kea
4. Lava Domes
• Formed by relatively small, bulbous masses of lava too viscous to flow
any great distance; consequently, on extrusion, the lava piles over and
around its vent.
• A dome grows largely by expansion from within. As it grows its outer
surface cools and hardens, then shatters, spilling loose fragments down
its sides. Some domes form craggy knobs or spines over the volcanic
vent, whereas others form short, steep-sided lava flows known as
"coulees." Volcanic domes commonly occur within the craters or on the
flanks of large composite volcanoes. 
Mount St. Helens in Washington, United States
Cleveland Volcano
 How do we know when a volcanoes are active, inactive or extinct?

1. An active volcano is a volcano that has had at least one eruption during the past
10,000 years. An active volcano might be erupting or dormant.

1.1 An erupting volcano is an active volcano that is having an eruption... It either

explosive of quiet.

1.2 A dormant volcano is an active volcano that is not erupting, but supposed to
erupt again.

2. An extinct volcano has not had an eruption for at least 10,000 years and is not
expected to erupt again in a comparable time scale of the future.
Assignment
List down 5 active volcanoes, dormant and extinct volcanoes.
Location of volcanoes
Two seismic belts
1. Circum – Pacific Belt also known as the Pacific Ring of Fire.
-surrounds the Pacific Ocean and corresponds to the zone where the
Pacific plates subducts beneath adjacent tectonic plates.
• Volcanoes in New Zealand, New Guinea, Philippines, Japan, Kamchatka
Peninsula of Russia, Alaska, the western margin of the United States,
Central America, Western margin of South America.
• It has about 452 volcanoes.
Movement of plate tectonic
Active Volcanoes in the RING of fire
1. Agung, Bali, Indonesia
2. Sinabung, Sumatra, Indonesia
3. Mayon, Luzon, Philippines
4. Kadovar, Papua New Guinea
5. Kusatsu-Shirane, Honshu Japan
2. Alpine – Himalayan Belt
- the seismic and orogenic belt resulting from the collision of the
African Plate and Indo-Australian Plate.
- This belt extends from the Mediterranean area eastward
through Turkey and the Middle – East, North of India and into the
Indonesian islands.
Himalayas Mountain Ranges
Preparing for Volcanic Eruption
Group Acvity: Role Playing
Group 1: Before
Group 2: During
Group 3: After
Preparing for Volcanic Eruption
Recognizing Volcanic Hazards
PHILVOLCS

• A government agency dedicated in monitoring volcanic activities,

earthquakes and tsunamis, as well as providing specialized information
and services primarily to protect life and property.
 Alert System Levels
Alert Level 0: No alert.
Alert Level 1: Abnormality observed. There is low seismic activity and no
imminent eruption.
Alert Level 2: There is an increasing unrest. Moderate levels of seismic activity
are observed and probable magma movement could eventually lead to
eruption.
Alert Level 3: There is an increasing tendency towards eruption. Relatively high
and increasing unrest are recorded and there can be a possible eruption within
two weeks.
Alert Level 4: hazardous eruption is imminent. There is an intense unrest which
includes earthquakes. There is possible eruption within 24hrs.
Alert Level 5: Hazardous eruption is in progress.
Volcanic Hazards

1. Lava flow – mildly explosive when released.

- It is not a major threat to human lives. Why?
- Slow rate movement. The speed and location of lava
flows depend on topography. The steep slopes
encourage faster and longer flows than gentle slopes
or terrain.
- Poses several potential damages including fire threat,
destruction of infrastructures and vegetation.
• Hawaii Kilauea
2. Pyroclastic flow
• Extremely hazardous and destructive type of volcanic activity.
Pyroclastic flow is composed of rock material, hot gas, and ash
that move above ground surface at high velocities.
• It can burn and suffocate people because of its rock material,
hot gas and ash that can reach up to 700 degree C.
• Also known as Nuée ardente, (French: “glowing cloud”)
Sinabung Volcano
3. Gas emission
• One of the basic components of a magma or lava.
• It releases water vapor, H2S, SO2, CO, HCL, HF, N, CH4, Ar
and He.
• Volcanic gas when associated with the atmosphere can
result in volcanic fog or acid rain.
• Can contaminate water.
• Damage vegetation.

• Can affect respirator system.

4. Ashfall
• Made up of rock, mineral and fragments created during
explosion and separation of magma into smaller pieces.
• Can cause the collapse of roofs and damage houses if
accumulated ash will not be cleared immediately.
• It affects respiratory system.

• It can contaminates water sources and damage agricultural

landscapes.
5. Lahar
• Lahar is an Indonesian term for mudflows or flows of volcanic debris.
• It is a flowing mixtures of volcanic debris and water.

• It is formed due to pyroclastic flow mixed with water and rainfall on ash.

Classification:
1. Primary or hot lahar which is caused by direct volcanic eruption.
2. Secondary or cold lahar which is caused by rainfall on with debris.
 Lahar can be produces by the sudden draining of a crater lake, caused
by explosive eruption.
 It can also caused by the mixture of pyroclastic flow into a river or lake.
6. Tephra falls/ballistic projectiles/volcanic bombs
• Tephra refers to fragments of volcanic rock ejected into air
by explosion.
• It consists of different rock particles that vary in sizes and
shapes.
• It can irritate eyes, throats and cause respiratory problems
due to fine particles.
• It also causes burns and destructions of buildings and
infratructure.
What are the factors affecting climate?