RESIDENTIAL

BUILDING
PROJECT
TIMES RESIDENCY

JUNE 27, 2022

SHIV SITAL BUILDERS
INDUSTRIAL SUMMER TRAINING REPORT

Training Report
submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
(Civil Engineering)

By

HIMANSHU
AGARWAL 19ESKCE040
B190331
IV Year B.Tech.
VII Semester (2019-23)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SWAMI KESHVANAND INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY, MANAGEMENT AND GRAMOTHAN,
JAIPUR
September 2022

2
 INDUSTRIAL SUMMER TRAINING
REPORT

Training Report
submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
(Civil Engineering)

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
Dr. Sunita Tolani Himanshu Agarwal
Assistant Professor 19ESKCE040

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING SWAMI

KESHVANAND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

MANAGEMENT AND GRAMOTHAN,
JAIPURSeptember 2022
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deepest appreciation to all those who provided me the possibility to
complete this report. A special gratitude I give over teacher, Mr. Sandeep Kaul (Site Engineer),
Mr. Rakesh Kumar (Site Engineer) , Mr. Surya Pratap Singh (Engineer Quality Estimation and
Planning), whose contribution in stimulating suggestion and encouragement , helped me to
coordinate my training especially in writing in this report .

4
 ABSTRACT

JAIPUR is one of the cities in our country. As it is rapidly developing the construction in the
city is very costly. Economic point of view if the building is constructed at a far distance from
the city will be cheaper and residents can live peaceful without any external polluted sources.
Having peaceful surroundings is the main point of view of most of the people in today's

5
 TABLE OF CONTENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT CERTIFICATION
COMPANY BACKGROUND &
HISTORY
ROLE IN COMPANY AS INTERN
PROJECT (TIMES RESIDENCY)
INTRODUCTION
BUILDING MODEL
BASIC UNITS &
MEASURMENT
DIMENSION OF BUILDING
COMPONENTS
PROCEDURE OF
CONSTRUCTION
PROCEDURE OF SLAB
CASTING
MATERIALS USED IN
CONSTRUCTION
COMPONENT OF THE
BUILDING
 AAC BLOCK MASONRY
 STONE CLADDING
 STP
 PCC BED
 RETAINING WALL
 SHEAR WALL
 SLAB
 PLASTERING
VARIOUS PLANS ON SITE
CONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMENTS
MISCELLENEOUS
6

REFRENCES CONCLUSION
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 :- Building Model 14 Figure 2: AAC Block 20 Figure 3:- Stone Cladding 22 Figure 4 :-
Sewage Treatment Plant 23 Figure 5 :- PCC Bed Construction 24 Figure 6 :- PCC Bed Before
Construction 24 Figure 7 :- Retaining Wall 25 Figure 8 :- Shear Wall 26 Figure 9 :- Slab After
Casting 27 Figure 10 :- Plastering On Rooms 28 Figure 11 :- Plastering On Basement
28 Figure 12 :- Shuttering Plan 29 Figure 13 :- Roof Framing Plan 30 Figure 14 :-
Working Plan 31 Figure 15 :- Site Plan 32 Figure 16 :- Schedule Of Shear Wall 32 Figure 17 :-
Conducting Plan 33 Figure 18 :- Stair Plan 33 Figure 19 :- Rapid Clamp ( SHIKANJA)
34 Figure 20 :- Laser 34 Figure 21 :- Tower Crane 35 Figure 22 :- Jack & Jack Pin
35 Figure 23 :- CTM Machine 36 Figure 24 :- Bar Bending Machine 36 Figure 25 :-
Crank 37 Figure 26 :- Chair 37 Figure 27 :- Slab Beam 38 Figure 28 :- Stirrups
38 Figure 29 :- Cover Block 39 Figure 30 :- Junction 39 Figure 31 :- Building
During Construction 40 Figure 32 :- Shuttering Plan Of The Building 40 Figure 33 :-
Shuttering For Slab Casting 41 Figure 34 :- Shear Wall 41 Figure 35 :- Construction Materials
42 Figure 36 :- Starter Of Shear Wall 42 Figure 37: Slab Shuttering 43 Figure 38 :-
PCC bed 44 Figure 39 :- Frame Work on Shear Wall 45 Figure 40 : Slab Casting 46 Figure 41:-
Cantiliver Beam 46 Figure 42 :- 3- BHK Room 47 Figure 43 :- Pictures With Site Engineers
48

7
CERTIFICATE

8
COMPANY BACKGROUND & HISTORY

Shivsital Builders is a well - known name in the real estate industry

in the Indian market. With the core values of Trust and Transparency,
the firm strives to achieve excellence in all its projects. It has
brought quality and comfort to the customers at affordable prices
and has justified Shiv sital as another name for " value for money “.
The Shivsital group is established in 8th august 2007 by International
Construction Magnate Mr. Harish Jagtani, the group is carving a
unique position in the Indian real estate market, bringing to its
client with high quality standard construction with best customer
relation value. The group is committed to excellence with a strong
vision of nurturing relationships and providing happiness in terms of
its value delivery system, quality and services. Shivsital's strong team
with commitment and vision is planning to offer comprehensive
solutions to people in terms of commercial space, residential
apartments, townships, farmhouses, villas and amusement theme
parks. ser ma All the projects undertaken by the group justify the
present and future needs of the people in the most appropriate
manner. It is group's vision, innovation, quality and commitment that
have earned them appreciation for all the ventures undertaken by the
group. Shivsital Builders is now all set to bring a paradigm shift
in the lifestyle of Jaipurites through its world class
infrastructure. Shivsital Builder has strengthened its pillars of trust,
quality and reliability. Ideal location, impeccable quality of
construction, luxurious facilities and reasonable prices are some of
the reasons why all our projects are a huge success. Shivsital's strong
team has a single minded commitment and vision to provide
comprehensive solutions to the people in terms of Commercial
Space, Residential Apartments, Townships, farmhouses, Villas
and Entertainment Theme Parks .

Current project by 9Shiv Sital group: -

Times Residency
Pink walk
The Firn Residency
ROLE IN COMPANY AS INTERN

As a site engineer, your input to construction projects will be

technical, organizational and supervisory. You'll set out and determine the
location for infrastructural installations, both above and below ground, and
will apply designs and plans to mark out the site. You'll also share
responsibility for site security, health and safety and the organization and
supervision of material and human resources.

Projects can range from small scale to multimillion-Rupees ventures

and may include civil, infrastructure project. Working as part of the site
management team, you'll work alongside and liaise with:
Architects

Construction managers
Engineers

Planners

Subcontractors

Supervisors

Surveyors.

As a Intern we Check the all work on site just Like : Shear Wall Casting,
Slab Casting, Block Masonry, Plaster on Walls, Beam Detailing, Stone
Cladding, Shuttering, Interior Work on flats etc. By different – different
plans like: – Shuttering Plan, Working Plan, Beam Detail, Framing Plan etc.
Communicate with Engineers ,Supervisor, planner, Subcontractor, labour etc

Responsibilities: -

1.Act as the main technical adviser on a construction site for contractors,

crafts people and operatives
2.Set out, level and survey the site
3.Check plans, drawings and quantities for accuracy of calculations
4.Ensure that all materials used and work performed are in accordance with
the specifications
5.Oversee the selection and requisition of materials
6.Carry out day-to-day management of the site, including supervising and
monitoring the site 10
labour force and the work of any subcontractors - this is site-specific and
may not be the case on all projects
7. Day-to-day management of the site, including supervising and monitoring the site labour
force and the work of any subcontractors
8. Plan the work and efficiently organise the plant and site facilities in order to meet agreed
deadlines
9. Oversee quality control and health and safety matters on site
10. Prepare reports as required
11. Resolve any unexpected technical difficulties and other problems that may arise.

11
 PROJECT (TIMES RESIDENCY)

ABOUT: -

Times is a paradise made up of high-quality buildings and a mix of

professional architecture with lush greenery. In such an era of
pollution, people want house with greenery and fresh air. It is a
blessing to be away from pollution and close to nature with all the hi -
tech amenities and luxury apartments. Times have a whole bunch of
green with many elegant designs. All the pleasures and incomparable
potential at your fingertips, so you can enjoy a lifestyle you've always
wished for. The finest luxury apartments in Jaipur are crafted with a
thoughtful selection of every detail and location comfort, luxury, calm
ambiance and state - of - the - art security systems. The landscaped
garden and spectacular gazebo, infinity pool, soundproof glass
windows, rooftop yoga deck, state
- of - the - art gymnasium, AC indoor games, multipurpose hall , and
much more come together to provide a lifestyle that inspires you to
 Name Of Project :- live
Times Residency
more every day does . Times Jaipur is the amalgamation of high-
 quality construction and professional planning to offer you complete
Location Of site :- Jeevan Rekha Marg, Jagatpura Jaipur (Raj.)
 control over interior space planning as per your taste. Pay attention to
Flats :- 151 (3-BHK)
every detail so that you have a space that feels like home yet has a
100 (2- BHK)
 Project Start :- distinctive look.
Dec. 2021
 Project end :
approx. March 2024
 Cost of Project :
150 cr
 Project Manager :-
MANOJ RAZDAN

12
Features: -

1.BBQ Pavilion
2.Family Lawn
3.Gas Supply
4.Movie Projection Wall
5.Play Lawn
6.Sky Bridge
7.Staff Hygiene
8.Stone Cladding CCTV
9.Fire Extinguishers
10.Kids Play Area
11.Parking
12.Sky Gym
13.Stage
14.Water Supply L
15.Elevator / Lift
16.Fire Fighting System
17.Lawn
18.Party Lawn
19.Selfie Corner
20.Sky Jogging Track
21.Star Gazing Deck
22.Wellness Lawn
23.Family Cabana
24.Free Wi - Fi
25.Lawn With Hammock
26.Party Pavilion
27.Sitting Area
28.Solar Panel Areal
29.Stepped Seater
30.Yoga Pavilion
31.Power Back – up

13
 BUILDING MODEL

Figure 1 :- Building Model

14
 BASIC UNIT & MEASURMENT

1 Inch 2.54 Cm

1 Ft. (1’) 12 Inch (12”)

1 Meter 3.28 Ft. (3.28’)

1 Sq. Meter 10.78 Sq. Ft.

1 Cu. Meter 35.31 Cu. Ft.

1 Thread 3 mm

1 Meter 1.09 Yard

1 Yard 3 Feet

15
 DIMENSION OF BUILDING
COMPONENT

S.N. BUILDING COMPONENT DIMENSION

1. Height of Building 3.15 meter

2. Height of parapet wall 1 meter

3. Height of window 2.1 meter

4. Thickness of DPC 25 mm -50 mm

5. Standard size of brick 190 mm* 90mm* 90mm

6. Minimum thickness of slab 125 mm

7. Minimum thickness of lintel 150 mm

8. Maximum chair spacing 1000mm

9. Height of plinth 450 mm

10. Bed room or Master bed room

Min. (3000*3600 mm)
Max. (4200*4800 mm)
11. Drawing room 4200*4800 mm

12. Dining room 3600* 4200 mm

13. kitchen 2500* 3900 mm

14. Bath / w c combined 1800*1800 mm

15. Bath (separate) 1200* 1800 mm

16
 CONSTRUCTION PORCEDURE OF RESIDENTIAL
BUILDING

1. Pre- construction
stage

i.Initiation
ii.Drawing and specifications
iii.Approvals
iv.Teams and workforce
v.Preliminary survey

2. Construction stage

a.sub structure work

i. Excavation
ii. PCC work
iii. Footing work
iv. Backfilling work
v. Plinth work
vi. Waterproofing

b.super structure work

i. columns
ii. ground floor slab
iii. first floor work

3. post construction stage

a.finishing work

i. walls
ii. plaster work
iii. MEP work
iv. Tiling and flooring

17
4.Pop/ putty finish work

5.Utilities work

6.Painting work

7.Terrace work

Procedure of Slab Casting

1. Columns Or shear Wall Cast as per Level .they have given in

drawing
2. Beam Bottom Fixing and Leveling
3. Side Fixing in Bottom
4. Shuttering plate fixing
5. Level checking
6. Beam steel fixing as per Drawing
7. Beam steel Checking as per Drawing
8. Slab steel Fixing
9. Conducting and junctions fixing
10. Casting level

MATRIALS USED IN
CONSTRUCTION

Mud and clay Rock

Wood Bricks AAC

18
Concrete

Steel (Shiv Sakti 550 grade) Plywood

Cover block Aggregate Sand

Cement (Shree cement, AMBUJA cement) Laser

Rapid Clamp

Tower Crane Jack & Jack pin

COMPONENTS OF THE BUILDING

AAC (autoclaved aerated concrete) Block Masonry

It was discovered in 1914 in Sweden that adding aluminum powder to cement, lime, water, and finely
ground sand caused the mixture to expand dramatically. The Swedes allowed this “foamed” concrete to
harden in a mold, and then they cured it in a pressurized steam chamber.

In Our site We used this Block Masonry instead of Brick masonry. Sizes of these block we used in site is
a 620 mm*200 mm*250 mm & 620 mm *300 mm * 250 mm. and for Joint two block we use Block joint
chemical .

Benefits Of AAC Block :-

1)No curing Is required after the construction of block masonry

2)Weight of AAC block is less Then bricks
3)These Block is cheaper then the bricks
4)By using theses Blocks no of joint reduces
5)Time Taken during Construction is reduce

19
Figure 2: AAC Block

20
 STONE CLADDING

CLADDING :-
Cladding is the application of one material over another to provide
a skin or layer. In construction, cladding is used to provide a degree of thermal insulation and weather
resistance, and to improve the appearance of buildings

Cladding can be made of any of a wide range of materials including :-

1)Wood
2)Stone
3)Metal
4)Brick
5)Composite Material

STONE CLADDING :-
Stone cladding is a refined or thin layer of natural/artificial stone, which is applied to an interior (or exterior) wall, to give
the effect that it is made entirely of stone. Natural stone is preferred for a more authentic, rustic and durable finish.

Stone cladding itself is said to date back to the late 19th century – historically stone veneer panels were even used in
Rome alongside the outside structure of the coliseum. Over the years, cladding has come a long way from this, and is
constantly improving.

Benefits of Stone Cladding :-

1)Appearance of Building Improve
2)Durability of Building Improve
3)Looking Versatile
4)Increase The Value Of Property
5)Easy To Maintain
6)Looks Unique

In Our site is Fully Stone Cladding Building. Stone Cladding is done in exterior Wall of the building. As shown
in Figure And it is a India s first fully Stone Cladding Building.

21
Figure 3:- Stone Cladding

22
SEWAGE TERATMENT PLANT

Sewage treatment ( domestic wastewater treatment, municipal wastewater

treatment) is a type of wastewater treatment which aims to remove
contaminants from sewage to produce an effluent that is suitable for discharge to
the surrounding environment or an intended reuse application, thereby preventing
water pollution from raw sewage discharges. Sewage contains wastewater
from households and businesses and possibly pre-treated industrial
wastewater. There are a high number of sewage treatment processes to choose
from. These can range from decentralized systems (including on-site
treatment systems) to large centralized systems involving a network of pipes
and pump stations (called sewerage) which convey the sewage to a treatment
plant

Sewage can be treated close to where the sewage is created, which may be called
a "decentralized" system or even an "on-site" system (on-site sewage facility,
septic tanks, etc.). Alternatively, sewage can be collected and transported by a
network of pipes and pump stations to a municipal treatment plant. This is called
a "centralized" system (see also sewerage and pipes and infrastructure).

At the site of Times Residency Sewage treatment plant is constructed for collect
all gray water producing by residents treated in on site treatment plant and this
treated water used in washroom. To save water and reuse the water. this type of
treatment plant is called as a decentralized system of treatment plant.

Figure 4 :- Sewage Treatment Plant

23
PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE (PCC) BED

Figure 5 :- PCC Bed Construction

Plain cement concrete is the mixture of cement, fine aggregate (sand) and coarse
aggregate without steel. PCC is an important component of a building which is
laid on the soil surface to avoid direct contact of reinforcement of concrete with
soil and water.

At our site M10 (1:3:6) is used as a grade our concrete and before construction
of PCC bed termite medicine chemical is spray over the bed it is used as a drive
car at a parking area or walking around the building. during construction first
leveling is done and after that filling is done and after that dressing (by
Plate Vibrator or Manual) Ramming is done and after that at a 50cm depth
termite medicine chemical is mixed and after that concrete is casted in our
site slump of concrete in PCC is almost 150mm so no need for vibrator.
Thickness of PCC bed is 100 mm.

Figure 6 :- PCC Bed Before Construction

24
 ` RETAINING WALL

Retaining walls are relatively rigid walls used for supporting soil laterally so that it can be retained
at different levels on the two sides. Retaining walls are structures designed to restrain soil to a slope
that it would not naturally keep to (typically a steep, near-vertical or vertical slope). They are used to bound
soils between two different elevations often in areas of terrain possessing undesirable slopes or in areas where
the landscape needs to be shaped severely and engineered for more specific purposes like hillside
farming or roadway overpasses. A retaining wall that retains soil on the backside and water on the front side
is called a seawall or a bulkhead.

At the site of Times Residency basement is constructed below the ground level so beyond the property line
to retain soil we construct Retaining wall of Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) of concrete grade of M25
ratio of (1:1.5:3).

.
Figure 7 :- Retaining Wall

25
 SHEAR WALL

In structural engineering, a shear wall is a vertical element of a system that is designed to resist in-plane
lateral forces, typically wind and seismic loads. A shear wall resists loads parallel to the plane of the wall.
Collectors, also known as drag members, transfer the diaphragm shear to shear walls and other vertical
elements of the seismic force resisting system. Shear walls are typically light-framed or braced wooden
walls with shear panels, reinforced concrete walls, reinforced masonry walls, or steel plates.

Plywood is the conventional material used in wood (timber) shear walls, but with advances in technology
and modern building methods, other prefabricated options have made it possible to inject shear assemblies
into narrow walls that fall at either side of an opening. Sheet steel and steel-backed shear panels in the place
of structural plywood in shear walls has proved to provide stronger seismic resistance.

At Our site Times Residency we construct shear wall as a vertical member and also construct shear was
constructed in place of Column. Means not a single column is constructed during construction. All the load
distribution is done by shear wall it is good for Aesthetic view . we use M40 grade of Concrete and FE550
grade of steel . the number of shear wall is decrease with the no. of floors are increase because load pattern
also decrease while height will be increase.

Figure 8 :- Shear Wall

26
 SLAB

A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings, consisting of a flat, horizontal surface
made of cast concrete. Steel-reinforced slabs, typically between 100 and 500 mm thick, are most often used
to construct floors and ceilings, while thinner mud slabs may be used for exterior paving.

Slab will be categorized in three catagories:

1)One Way Slab
2)Two Way Slab
3)Flat Slab

One Way Slab :-

A one-way slab has moment-resisting reinforcement only in its short axis, and is used when the
moment in the long axis is negligible. Such designs include corrugated slabs and ribbed slabs. Non-
reinforced slabs may also be considered one-way if they are supported on only two opposite sides (i.e. they
are supported in one axis). A one-way reinforced slab may be stronger than a two-way non-reinforced slab,
depending on the type of load.

Two Way Slab :-

A two-way slab has moment resisting reinforcement in both directions. This may be implemented
due to application requirements such as heavy loading, vibration resistance, clearance below the slab, or
other factors.

Flat Slab :-
A flat slab is a two-way reinforced concrete slab that usually does not have beams and girders, and the
loads are transferred directly to the supporting concrete columns. The flat plate is a two-way
reinforced concrete framing system utilizing a slab of uniform thickness, the simplest of structural shapes.

Figure 9 :- Slab After Casting

27
 PLASTERING

Plaster is a building material used for the protective or decorative coating of walls and ceilings and
for moulding and casting decorative elements. In English, "plaster" usually means a material used
for the interiors of buildings, while "render" commonly refers to external applications. Another
imprecise term used for the material is stucco, which is also often used for plasterwork that is
worked in some way to produce relief decoration, rather than flat surfaces.

At our site in interior of the building grade of plaster is 1:4 and the plaster in basement is 1:6. In exterior
plastering is not to be perform because of the stone cladding on the Exterior Wall.

Figure 10 :- Plastering On Rooms

28
 VARIOUS PLANS ON SITE

1) Shuttering Plan :-
Shuttering is a vertical temporary arrangement which is arranged to
bring concrete in a desired shape. or. Formwork which supports
vertical arrangement is known as shuttering. In a technical point of
view, Formwork for columns, footings, retaining walls is called as a
Shuttering

Figure 12 :- Shuttering Plan

2) Roof Framing Plan :-

A roof framing plan is a scaled layout or a diagram of a proposed roof development,

including the dimensions of the entire structure, measurements, shape, design, and placement
of all the materials, wires, drainage, ventilation, slopes, and more. The main goal of the roof
framing plan is to aid both contractor and manufacturer take valid measurements and
determining construction feasibility and material needs for construction projects.

29
Figure 13 :- Roof Framing Plan

30
3) Working Plan :-
Working plan is a drawing that includes the information of horizontal dimensions of the
building, thickness of walls, clear spaces inside the building and column locations. The benefits of this
drawing include the convenience to fabricate the construction material according to the overall design

Figure 14 :- Working Plan

4) Site plan :-

A site plan is a large Scale drawing that shows the full extend of the site for an existing or proposed
development. Site plans, along with location plans, may be necessary for planning applications. A
site plan is a diagram that shows the layout of a property or “site”. A site plan may include the location
of buildings and structures.

31
 Figure 15 :- Site Plan

5) Schedule of Shear Wall :-

In this plan all the information of rebar is shown and all measurement is
shown in this plan.

Figure 16 :- Schedule Of Shear Wall

32
6) Electric Conducting Plan :-

Figure 17 :- Conducting Plan

7) Stair Details :-

Figure 18 :- Stair Plan

33
 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS

1) Rapid Clamp :-

Rapid Clamp is used to clamp shuttering plate during casting of slab, Column &
Shear Wall.

Figure 19 :- Rapid Clamp ( SHIKANJA)

2) Laser :-

Laser is used for Scffolding during Construction.

Figure 20 :- Laser

34
3) Tower Crane :-
Tower crane is used to transfer construction material from one place to another place. In
Multistory Building Construction Lead and Lift of material is difficult so we use tower crane to
transfer material.

Figure 21 :- Tower Crane

4) Jack and Jack pin :-

Jack and Jack Pin is used to support Shuttering During Casting Of slab ,Beam etc.

Figure 22 :- Jack & Jack Pin

35
5) Compression Testing Machine (CTM) :-
It is used to measure Compressive of the
strength concrete during construction . It measure 7 & 28 Days After Casting of the
concrete.

Figure 23 :- CTM Machine

6) Hydraulic Bar bending Machine :-

It is used to bend Rebars For Stirrups for Beam, Shear wall and
Column.

Figure 24 :- Bar Bending Machine

36
Various Components of slab, Beam, shear wall Casting :-

1) Crank :-

Crank is used in slab casting when load is different is corner and middle of the slab. Crank is provided to
retain the load in slab. Slab is provided at 45° angle.

Figure 25 :- Crank

2) Chair :-

Chair is used to maintain spacing between top and bottom bars of the slab. During Casting by concrete
weight the spacing may be change so chair is provided .

Figure 26 :- Chair

37
3) Slab Beam :-

Slab beam means Beam is not supported on column or shear wall it is totally
supported on slab .

Figure 27 :- Slab Beam

4) Stirrups or Tie :-

Stirrups generally Used in Beam , Column And Shear Wall casting . it binds all the reinforcement
together and avoid expansion of reinforcement during casting .

Figure 28 :- Stirrups

38
5) Cover Block :-
Cover Block is used in Beam, Column, Shear wall, Footing and Slab Casting to Give adequate Clear
Cover at the bottom of the reinforcement because of during casting maximum chances is the
reinforcement visible clear after casting . So to prevent this such problem we use Cover Block.

Figure 29 :- Cover Block

6) Junction :-
Junction is used for
electric work for building
.

Figure 30 :- Junction

39
 MISCELLENEOUS

Figure 31 :- Building During Construction

Figure 32 :- Shuttering Plan Of The Building

40
Figure 33 :- Shuttering For Slab Casting

Figure 34 :- Shear Wall

41
 Figure 36 :- Starter Of Shear Wall

Figure 35 :- Construction Materials

42
43
Figure 38 :- PCC bed

44
Figure 39 :- Frame Work on Shear Wall

45
Figure 40 : Slab Casting

46
47
Figure 43 :- Pictures With Site Engineers

48
1) https://www.shivsital.com/
2) https://www.norstone.co.uk
3) WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM
4) Smart Construction Material by Ashish Choudhary & Nitesh Dange

49
 CONCLUSION

We can conclude that there is difference between the theoretical and practical work done. As the scope of
understanding will be much more when practical work is done. As we get more knowledge in such
a situation where we have great experience doing the practical work. Knowing the loads, we have designed
the slabs depending upon the ratio of longer to shorter span of panel. We learn How to
Communicate peoples on site and how to behave. We learn about types of plans and how to read all these
plan. We Facing Issue on site just like lack of Practical knowledge, Language barrier, Rain problem
on site, Safety equipment etc.

50
51
 “ELECTRIC VEHICLE AND PLC
SCADA"
A

Practical Training Seminar Report submitted

in partial fulfillment

for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering

2022-2023

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Mr. ARUN KUMAR
MEENA
Seminar Coordinator
19EVJEE005
Dept. of Electrical Engg.
B.Tech. VII Semester

=======================================================================================================

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

VIVEKANANDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SISYAWAS, SECTOR-36, NRI ROAD, JAGATPURA, JAIPUR, RAJASTHAN
=====================================================================================================
 VIVEKANANDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi | Affiliated to RTU Kota, Rajasthan )

Candidates Declaration
It is hereby declared that the work, which is being presented in the Practical Training Seminar
Report titled “ELECTRIC VEHICLE AND PLC SCADA” in partial fulfillment of the
award of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering and submitted in the
department of Electrical Engineering of Vivekananda Institute of Technology, Jaipur is
an authentic record of the work under the supervision and valuable guidance of Mr.
Name of Faculty, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Electrical Engineering.
The matter presented in the report embodies the result of the studies carried out by the
student and has not been submitted for the award of any other degree in this or any
other institute.

: ARUNJ KUMAR MEENA

Name of the Candidate
: 19EVJEE005
RTU Roll No.

Mr. Satish Kumar Jangid Mr. Rahul Mishra

Seminar Coordinator Seminar Coordinator
Department of EE Department of EE

Dr. Md. Asif Iqbal Head of the

Department
Department of Electrical
Engineering
Vivekananda Institute of
Technology, Jaipur
 Acknowledgem
ent
... In nature, there is no separation between design, engineering, and fabrication; the
bone does it all.

-- Neri Oxman

I would like to express my special thanks and gratitude to my Seminar guide, Mr. Name of
Faculty, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering for providing me a
golden opportunity to work and prepare a project report on the topic “ELECTRIC
VEHICLE AND PLC SCADA” and for paving the path towards the completion of this
report by his esteemed guidance and enlightenment.

I would also like to extend my sincere regards to Mr. Dhiraj Singh, my mentor and
Vice-Principal, Vivekananda Institute of Technology, Jaipur and all the faculty members in
the department for providing us their kind encouragement and cooperation in strengthening
our knowledge in this field and for providing me an opportunity to work on my project.

- ARUN KUMAR MEENA

 Dedicated to

my parents who taught me the art of living

and

my teachers who taught me the art of

exploration
 Abstract

Electric vehicles (EVs) are a promising technology for achieving a sustainable transport sector
in the future, due to their very low to zero carbon emissions, low noise, high efficiency, and
flexibility in grid operation and integration. This chapter includes an overview of
electric vehicle technologies as well as associated energy storage systems and charging
mechanisms. Different types of electric-drive vehicles are presented. These include battery
electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles and fuel cell
electric vehicles. The topologies for each category and the enabling technologies are
discussed. Various power train configurations, new battery technologies, and different
charger converter topologies are introduced. Electrifying transportation not only facilitates a
clean energy transition, but also enables the diversification of transportation’s sector fuel
mix and addresses energy security concerns. In addition, this can be also seen as a
viable solution, in order to alleviate issues associated with climate change. Furthermore,
charging standards and mechanisms and relative impacts to the grid from charging vehicles
are also presented.

In every process industry, there is a repetition of the tasks. So, in order to get the better
productivity in limited time with lesser error probability, we are incorporating Automation into
the process industries. In recent trends of automation like Industry 4.0, manual operations are
being replaced with fully or semi auto-controlled, reconfigurable operations by incorporating
more advanced technologies. Primitive methods of filling of different types of liquids in a fixed
proportion in different containers or bottles involve manual operations. This hampers
production rate and sometimes quality of product consistency due to the involvement of human
intervention. In this paper, a simulated prototype of SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition) and PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) based process of bottle filling in
beverage industry is designed to fill the different types of containers with different composition
of liquids. The entire simulated operation involves distinct stages of sorting the containers,
filling liquids, capping, labelling of different containers and counting the units per batch. The
Metallic base and Non-Metallic bottles are sorted by assistance of Inductive Proximity Sensor.
During filling stage, the Metallic base bottle is filled with each of the available three different
liquids composition equally and the Non-Metallic bottle is filled only with two initial type of
liquids composition. In later stages, bottles are labelled separately. Both type of bottles are
detected with the help of Photo-electric Retroreflective type sensors at Filling, Capping and
Labelling stages.
Attach Training
Certificate here
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Name of the figure Page No.

Fig: 1
Introduction To Electric Vehicle Design And
Fig: 2
Development Of EVs Development Of
Fig: 3
Electric Vehicle Programmable Logic
Fig: 4
Controller(PLC)
Fig: 5
SCADA (Supervisory And Data Acquisition)
 LIST OF TABLES
Figure No. Name of the tables Page No.

Fig: 1
Introduction To Electric Vehicle Design And
Fig: 2
Development Of EVs Development Of
Fig: 3
Electric Vehicle Programmable Logic
Fig: 4
Controller(PLC)
Fig: 5
SCADA (Supervisory And Data Acquisition)
Candidates Declaration CONTENT 1

Acknowledgement 2

Dedication 3

Abstract 4

List of figures 5

List of tables 5

CHAPTER NO. CHAPTER PAGE NO.

Chapter 1 Introduction to electric vehicle

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Automotive Industry in India

1.3 Electric Vehicle And Hybrid Vehicle (xEV) Industry

1.4 Electric Car Manufacturers In India

1.5 Manufacturing Facilities

1.6 Design Of Electric Vehicles

1.7 Efficiency

1.8 Types Of Batteries

1.9 Charging

Chapter 2 Design and development of EVs

2. Design

2.1 Battery Electric Vehicles

2.3 Hybrid Electric Vehicles

2.4 Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle

2.5 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle

2.6 EV Power System (Motor And Controller)

Chapter 3 Development Of Electric Vehicle

3. Overview

3.1 Electric Vehicle Policy Framework In India

3.2 EV Promotion Policies At Various Levels in India

3.3 Electric Vehicle Sales Trend In India

 3.4 Static-Wise EV Sales Trend In 2021

3.5 Business Opportunities

Chapter 4 Programable Logic Controller(PLC)

4.1 Overview

4.2 Architecture Of PLC

4.3 Ladder Diagram(LD)

4.4 RSLINX Programming By Ladder Diagram

4.5 Programming And Operation In PLC

4.6 Operation

4.7 Application Of PLC

Chapter 5 SCADA (Supervisory And Data Acquition)

5. Introduction

5.1 Architecture

5.2 Hardware Architecture

5.3 Design SCADA With INTOUCH Wonderware

5.4 INTOUCH Wonderware SCADA Software

5.5 Touch Link

5.6 Application OF SCADA

5.7 Advantages
Chapter 1
Introduction To Electric Vehicle

1.1 Introduction

During the last few decades, environmental impact of the petroleum-based transportation
infrastructure, along with the peak oil, has led to renewed interest in an electric
transportation infrastructure. Electric vehicles differ from fossil fuel-powered vehicles in
that the electricity they consume can be generated from a wide range of sources,
including fossil fuels, nuclear power, and renewable sources such as tidal power, solar
power, and wind power or any combination of those

An electric vehicle (EV), also referred to as an electric drive vehicle, uses one or more
electric motors or traction motors for propulsion. Three main types of electric vehicles
exist, those that are directly powered from an external power station, those that are
powered by stored electricity originally from an external power source, and those that are
powered by an on-board electrical generator, such as an internal combustion engine (a
hybrid electric vehicle) or a hydrogen fuel cell Electric vehicles include electric cars,
electric trains, electric lorries, electric aero planes, electric boats, electric motorcycles and
scooters and electric spacecraft. Proposals exist for electric tanks, diesel submarines
operating on battery power are, for the duration of the battery run, electric submarines,
and some of the lighter UAVs are electrically powered.

Electric vehicles first came into existence in the mid-19th century, when electricity was
among the preferred methods for motor vehicle propulsion, providing a level of comfort
and ease of operation that could not be achieved by the gasoline cars of the time. The
internal combustion engine (ICE) is the dominant propulsion method for motor vehicles
but electric power has remained commonplace in other vehicle types, such as trains and
smaller vehicles of all types.

A hybrid electric vehicle combines a conventional (usually fossil fuel-powered) powertrain

with some form of electric propulsion Common examples include hybrid electric cars such
as the Toyota Pri The Chevrolet Volt is an example of a production Extended Range Plug-In
Electric Vehicle
1.2 Automotive Industry In India

The automotive industry in India is one of the larger markets in the work and had previously
been one of the fastest growing globally but is now seeing flat or negative growth rates.
India passenger car and commercial vehicle manufacturing industry is the sixth largest in
the world, with an annual production of more than 3.9 million units in 2011.

Chennai is home to around 35-40% of India's total automobile industry and for this reason it
is known as the Detroit of Asia. It is on the way to becoming the world's largest Auto hubs
by 2016with a capacity of over 3 million cars annually.

The majority of India's car manufacturing industry is based around three clusters in the
southwest and north. The southern cluster consisting of Chennai is the higgest with 15% of
the revenue share. The western hub near Mumbai and Pune contributes to 33% of the
market and the northern cluster around the National Capital Region contributes 32%.
Chennai, with the India operations of Ford. Hyundai, Renault, Mitsubishi, Nissan, BMW,
Hindustan Motors, Daimler

Chennai accounts for 66% of the country's automotive exports, Gurgaon and Manesar in
Haryana form the northern cluster where the country's largest car manufacturer, Maru
Suzuki, is based The Chakan corridor near Pune, Maharashtra is the western cluster with
companies like General Motors, Volkswagen, Skoda, Mahindra and Mahindra, Tata Motors,
Mercedes Benz, Land Rover, Jaguar Cars, Fiat and Force Motors having assembly plants in
the area. Nashik has a major base of Mahindra & Mahindra with a UV assembly unit, and an
Engine assembly unit Aurangabad with Audi, Skoda and Volkswagen also forms part of the
western cluster. Another emerging cluster is in the sale of Gujarat with manufacturing
facility of General Motors in Halol and further planned for Tata Nano at their plans in
Sanand Ford, Maruti Suzuki and Peugeot-Citroen plants are also set to come up in Gujarat.
Kolkata with Hindustan Motors, Noida with Honda and Bangalore with Toyota are some of
the other automotive manufacturing regions around the country.
1.3 Electric Vehicle And Hybrid Vehicle (xEV) Industry

During April 2012 Indian Government has planned to unveil the roadmap for the
development of the domestic electric and hybrid vehicles (xEV) in the country. A
discussion between the various stakeholders including Government, industry and the
academia is expected to take place during 23-24 February. The final contours of the
policy will be formed after this set of discussions Ministries such as Petroleum, Finance,
Road Transport and Power are involved in developing a broad framework for the sector.
Along with these ministries big auto industry names such as Mr. Anand Mahindra (Vice
Chairman and Managing Director, Mahindra & Mahindra) and Mr. Vikram Kirloskar (Vice-
Chairman, Toyota Kirloskar) are also involved in this task. Government has also
proposed to set up a Rs 740 crore R&D fund for the sector in the 12th five-year plan
during 2012-17. The idea is to reduce the high cost of key imported components such as
the battery and electric motor and develop such capabilities locally.

1.4 Electric Car Manufacturers In

India
-Ajanta Group -Hero Electric (Yo
Bikes)
-Mahindra REVA -Tara International

-Tata (Indica Vista) -Chevrolet (Beat)

5. Manufacturing Facilities

Passenger Vehicles

 General Motors India Private Limited

 Chevrolet Sales India Private Limited-Halol

 Maruti Suzuki-Gurgaon, Manesar

 Mahindra REVA Electric Vehicles - Bangalore

 Toyota Kirloskar Motor Private Limited-Bidadi

 SsangYong Motor Company-Chakan

5. Tata Motors Limited

 Tata Motors-Pimpri Chinchwad,

Sanand

 Jaguar Cars and Land Rover - Pune

 Mercedes-Benz Passenger Cars-Chakan

 Fiat Automobiles - Ranjangaon Pune

 Volkswagen Group Sales India Private Limited

 Volkswagen - Chakan

 Audi AG-Aurangabad

 Skoda Auto-Aurangabad

 Chinkara Motors-Karlekhind Ali bag

 Premier Automobiles Limited - Pimpri Chinchwad

 Honda Siel Cars India-Tapukara

 BMW India-Chennai

 Ford India Private Limited - Maraimalai Nagar

 Hyundai Motor India Limited-Sriperumbudur

 Mitsubishi-Tiruvallur

 Renault Nissan Automotive India Private Limited

 Nissan Motor India Private Limited -

Oragadam

 Renault India Private Limited - Oragadam

Two wheelers

 Hero MotoCorp-Dharuhera, Gurgaon

 India Yamaha Motor-Faridabad

 Honda-Manesar

 Suzuki-Gurgaon

 TVS Motors-Nalagarh, Mysore

 Mahindra & Mahindra-Pithampur

 Bajaj Auto-Waluj Aurangabad, Chakan

 KTM Sportmotorcycles – Chakan

 Vespa Scooters - Baramati Pune

 Kinetic Engineering-Ahmednagar, Pune

 Royal Enfield-Chennai
Commercial Vehicles

TAFE Tractors - Parwanoo

Tata Motors - Jamshedpur

Volvo Buses India Private Limited – Hoskote

Force Motors Private Limited-Pithampur

Eicher Motors-Pithampur

MANTrucks India-Akurdi Pune

Mercedes-Benz Buses India - Chakan

Piaggio Vehicles-Baramati Pune

Ashok Leyland-Ennore, Hosur

1.6 Design of Electric Vehicles

Electric motors are mechanically very simple. Electric motors often achieve 90% energy
conversion efficiency over the full range of speeds and power output and can be
precisely controlled They can also be combined with regenerative braking systems that
have the ability to convert movement energy back into stored electricity. This can be used
to reduce the wear on brake systems (and consequent brake pad dust) and reduce the
total energy requirement of a trip. Regenerative braking is especially effective for start-
and-stop city use.

They can be finely controlled and provide high torque from rest, unlike internal
combustion engines, and do not need multiple gears to match power curves. This
removes the need for gearboxes and torque converters.

Electric vehicles provide quiet and smooth operation and consequently have less noise
and vibration than internal combustion engines. While this is a desirable attribute, it has
also evoked concern that the absence of the usual sounds of an approaching vehicle
poses a danger to blind. elderly and very young pedestrians. To mitigate this situation,
automakers and individual companies are developing systems that produce warning
sounds when electric vehicles are moving slowly, up to a speed when normal motion and
rotation (road, suspension, electric motor, etc.) noises become audible.
1.7 Energy Efficiency

Electric vehicle tank-to-wheels' efficiency is about a factor of 3 higher than internal

combustion engine vehicles. Energy is not consumed while the vehicle is stationary,
unlike internal combustion engines which consume fuel while idling. However, looking at
the well-to-wheel efficiency of electric vehicles, their total emissions, while still lower, are
closer to an efficient gasoline or diesel in most countries where electricity generation
relies on fossil fuels.

It is worth noting that well-to-wheel efficiency of an electric vehicle has far less to do with
the vehicle itself and more to do with the method of electricity production. A particular
electric vehicle would instantly become twice as efficient if electricity production were
switched from fossil fuel to a wind or tidal primary source of energy. Thus when "well-to-
wheels" is cited, one should keep in mind that the discussion is no longer about the
vehicle, but rather about the entire energy supply infrastructure - in the case of fossil
fuels this should also include energy spent on exploration, mining, refining, and
distribution.

1.8 Types Of Batteries

lead Acid battery

lithium Ion Battery

Previously bunks of conventional lead-acid car batteries were commonly used for EV
propulsion. Then later the 75 watt-hour/kilogram lithium ion polymer battery prototypes
came. The newer Li-poly cells provide up to 130 watt-hour/kilogram and last through
thousands of charging cycles.

Efficiency

Because of the different methods of charging possible, the emissions produced have
been quantified in different ways, Plug-in all-electric and hybrid vehicles also have
different consumption characteristics.

Range

Many electric designs have limited range, due to the low energy density of batteries
compared to the fuel of internal combustion engined vehicles. Electric vehicles also often
have long recharge times compared to the relatively fast process of refuelling a tank.
This is further complicated by the current scarcity of public charging stations. "Range
anxiety" is a label for consumer concern about EV range.

1.9 Charging

Grid capacity: If a large proportion of private vehicles were to convert to grid electricity it would
increase the demand for generation and transmission, and consequent emissions. However, overall
energy consumption and emissions would diminish because of the higher efficiency of electric
vehicles over the entire cycle.

Stabilization of the Grid: Since electric vehicles can be plugged into the electric grid
when not in use, there is a potential for battery powered vehicles to even out the demand
for electricity by feeding electricity into the grid from their batteries during peak use
periods (such as mid-afternoon air conditioning use) while doing most of their charging at
night, when there is unused generating capacity. This vehicle-to-grid (V2G) connection
has the potential to reduce the need for new power plants, as long as vehicle owners do
not mind their batteries being drained during the day by the power company prior to
needing to use their vehicle for a return-commute home in the evening.

Furthermore, our current electricity infrastructure may need to cope with increasing
shares of variable-output power sources such as windmills and PV solar panels. This
variability could be addressed by adjusting the speed at which EV batteries are charged,
or possibly even discharged.

Some concepts see battery exchanges and battery charging stations, much like
gas/petrol stations today. Clearly these will require enormous storage and charging
potentials, which could be manipulated to vary the rate of charging, and to output power
during shortage periods, much as diesel generators are used for short periods to stabilize
some national grids.
Acceptable battery charging time

8 hours

24%

4 hours

27%

-2 hours to 30 minutes

49%

Expected purchase price after government incentives In INR lakh

32%

33%

-4 to 7

- 7 to 9

12%

In India, 76% of the total population surveyed would expect an electric vehicle to travel
up to 320 kilometres per charge before they would consider purchasing one. This
indicates a gap in expectations versus current EV range capabilities in India

While fuel price increase may not be the only factor that drives customers to buy EVs, it
is a fact that they have a mental benchmark of 130-150% of the current fuel prices that
will make them reconsider EV1.
Chapter 2
Design And Development Of EVs

2. Design

In hybrid as well as electric vehicle one thing is common i.e. battery when we
design both the electric and hybrid there is use of batteries that help to
work for the engine and motor. Mostly used in EVs is (Fuel Cell Electric
Vehicle) that is expensive, and their life expectancy is high because they
provide more value then batteries

There are four types of electric vehicles available.

 Battery Electric Vehicle

• (BEV): Fully powered by electricity. These are more efficient compared
to hybrid and plug in hybrids.

 Hybrid Electric Vehicle:

• Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV): The vehicle uses both the internal
combustion (usually petrol) engine and the battery powered motor
powertrain. The petrol engine is used both to drive and charge when the
battery is empty. These vehicles are not as efficient as fully electric or plug-
in hybrid vehicles.

• Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV): Uses both an internal

combustion engine and a battery charged from an external socket (they
have a plug). This means the vehicle's battery can be charged with
electricity rather than the engine. PHEVs are more efficient than HEVS but
less efficient than BEVS.

 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle

• (FCEV): Electric energy is produced from chemical energy. For example,

a hydrogen FCEV.
2.1 Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)

BEVs are also known as All-Electric Vehicles (AEV). Electric Vehicles using BEV
technology run entirely on a battery-powered electric drivetrain. The
electricity used to drive the vehicle is stored in a large battery pack which can
be charged by plugging into the electricity grid. The charged battery pack
then provides power to one or more electric motors to run the electric car.
2.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEVs)

HEVS are also known as series hybrid or parallel hybrid. HEVS have both
engine and electric motor. The engine gets energy from fuel, and the
motor gets electricity from batteries. The transmission is rotated
simultaneously by both engine and electric motor. This then drives the
wheels.

.
2.3 Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle (PHEV):

The PHEVS are also known as series hybrids. They have both engine and a
motor. You can choose among the fuels, conventional fuel (such as petrol)
or alternative fuel (such as biodiesel). It can also be powered by a
rechargeable battery pack. The battery can be charged externally.
2.4 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV):

FCEVS are as Vehicles. They employ 'fuel cell technology' to generate

the electricity required to run the vehicle. The chemical energy of the
fuel is converted directly into electric energy.
5. EV Power Systems (Motors And Controllers)

The power system of an electric vehicle consists of just two components: the
motor that provides the power and the controller that controls the application
of this power. In comparison, the power system of gasoline- powered
vehicles consists of a number of components, such as the engine,
carburetor, oil pump, water pump, cooling system, starter, exhaust system,
etc.

Motors

Electric motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. Two types
of electric motors are used in electric vehicles to provide power to the
wheels: the direct current (DC) motor and the alternating current (AC) motor.

DC electric motors have three main components:

 A set of coils (field) that creates the magnetic forces which provide torque

5. A rotor or armature mounted on bearings that turns inside the field

6. Commutating device that reverses the magnetic forces and makes the
armature turn, thereby providing horsepower.

As in the DC motor, an AC motor also has a set of coils (field) and a rotor or
armature, however, since there is a continuous current reversal, a commutating
device is not needed.

Both types of electric motors are used in electric vehicles and have advantages
and disadvantages, as shown here.

While the AC motor is less expensive and lighter weight, the DC motor has a
simpler controller, making the DC motor/controller combination less expensive.
The main disadvantage of the AC motor is the cost of the electronics package
needed to convert (invert) the battery's direct current to alternating current for
the motor.

Past generations of electric vehicles used the DC motor/controller system because

they operate off the battery current without complex electronics. The DC
motor/controller system is still used today on some electric vehicles to keep the
cost down.
However, with the advent of better and less expensive electronics, a large
number of today's electric vehicles are using AC motor/controller systems
because of their improved motor efficiency and lighter weight.

These AC motors resemble motors commonly used in home appliances and

machine tools, and are relatively inexpensive and robust. These motors are very
reliable, and since they have only one moving part, the shaft, they should last
the life of the vehicle with little or no maintenance.

Electric Motor Comparison

AC Motor DC Motor

Single-speed transmission Multi-speed transmission

Light weight Heavier for same power

Less expensive More expensive

95% efficiency at full load 85-95% efficiency at full load

More expensive controller Simple controller

Motor/Controller/Inverter more expensive Motor/controller less expensive

Controllers

The electric vehicle controller is the electronics package that operates between the
batteries and the motor to control the electric vehicle's speed and acceleration much like
a carburetor does in a gasoline-powered vehicle. The controller transforms the battery's
direct current into alternating current (for AC motors only) and regulates the energy flow
from the battery. Unlike the carburetor, the controller will also reverse the motor rotation
(so the vehicle can go in reverse) and convert the motor to a generator (so that the
kinetic energy of motion can be used to recharge the battery when the brake is applied).

Electric Scooter controller

Electric Car controller

In the early electric vehicles with DC motors. a simple variable-resistor-type controller
controlled the acceleration and speed of the vehicle. With this type of controller, full
current and power was drawn from the battery all of the time. At slow speeds, when full
power was not needed, a high resistance was used to reduce the current to the motor.
With this type of system, a large percentage of the energy from the battery was wasted
as an energy loss in the resistor. The only time that all of the available power was used
was at high speeds.

Modern controllers adjust speed and acceleration by an electronic process called pulse
width modulation. Switching devices such as silicone-controlled rectifiers rapidly interrupt
(turn on and turn off) the electricity flow to the motor. High power (high speed and/or
acceleration) is achieved when the intervals (when the current is turned off) are short.
Low power (low speed and/or acceleration) occurs when the intervals are longer.

The controllers on most vehicles also have a system for regenerative braking.
Regenerative braking is a process by which the motor is used as a generator to recharge
the batteries when the vehicle is slowing down. During regenerative braking, some of the
kinetic energy normally absorbed by the brakes and turned into heat is converted to
electricity by the motor/controller and is used to re-charge the batteries. Regenerative
braking not only increases the range of an electric vehicle by 5-10%, it also decreases
brake wear and reduces maintenance cost.
Chapter 3
Development of Electric Vehicle

3. Overview

Electric vehicle growth starts from 2011 and now it been rapidly growing in 2022
After a decade of rapid growth, in 2020 the global electric car stock hit the 10 million mark,
a 43% increase over 2019, and representing a 1% stock share. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs)
accounted for two-thirds of new electric car registrations and two thirds of the stock in
2020. China, with 4.5 million electric cars, has the largest fleet, though in 2020 Europe had
the largest annual increase to reach 3.2 million.

Overall the global market for all types of cars was significantly affected by the economic
repercussions of the Covid-19 pandemic. The first part of 2020 saw new car registrations
drop about one-third from the preceding year. This was partially offset by stronger activity
in the second-half, resulting in a 16% drop overall year-on year. Notably, with conventional
and overall new car registrations falling, global electric car sales share rose 70% to a record
4.6% in 2020.

India's electric vehicle (EV) market is expected to grow at a compounded annual growth
rate (CAGR) of 90 per cent in this decade to touch $150 billion by 2030, a report by
consulting firm RBSA Advisors, released on Wednesday, stated. The Indian EV market is
currently in its infancy and is estimated grow at CAGR of 90 per cent from 2021 to 2030. In
terms of penetration, EV sales accounts for barely 1.3 per cent of total vehicle sales in India
during 20-
21. However, the market is growing rapidly and is expected to be worth more. India's shift
to
shared, electric and connected mobility could help the country save nearly one giga-tons of
carbon dioxide emissions by 2030.

The report states that EV technology evolution in India requires sizable investment in R&D
and product development, both on the automobile platforms and battery/charging
technology. Collective investment done by 2W, 3W, 4W, EV component makers and last mile
delivery companies was recorded at Rs ~25,000 crore during January-July 2021. The demand
incentives provided under FAME II, the launch of state policies, rising fuel prices, tightening
emissions laws and increasing awareness of the green environment are few factors making
the sector attractive to larger automobile players and financial investors, as per the report.

Globally, despite the COVID-19 pandemic related worldwide downturn in car sales, wherein
global car sales dropped by 16 per cent in 2020, strong demand and momentum was seen in
the global EV market where around 3 million electric cars were sold. CYH1-21 sales were
dominated by Mainland China and Europe. China saw 1.1 million vehicles being sold with
Europe being behind by just 10,000.

The research report concluded by stating that it believes EVs are now the vehicles of the
future and has the ability to power us ahead.
3.1 Electric Vehicle Policy Framework in India

•Union government policies and schemes like FAME I and FAME 2, the PLI Scheme,
and the Scrappage Policy encourage the use of EVs and incentivize manufacturers.

•About 50% of Indian States have state policies for promoting the use of EVs.

•Concessions to users include a financial subsidy on purchase, exemption from road

tax, registration charges, and low interest rates on loans.

•Initiatives for bulk purchasing of EVs for the public sector, personal and public transport
entities, and last mile delivery operators.

•Infrastructure development for battery & vehicle manufacturing, charging infrastructure,

and scrapping centers.

3.2 EV Promotion Policies At Various Levels In India

India is one of the world's largest importers of fossil fuels, with crude oil imports totaling
USD $125 billion (or INR 8,800,000 million) in FY 2019-20, up 42 percent from the
previous year, and these imports are forecast to reach three-year highs in 2020.
According to the 2020 World Air Quality Report, 22 Indian cities are among the 30 most
polluted cities in the world, with transportation being the primary source of 2.5-micron
particulate matter, which causes lung and respiratory problems. The average rate of new
vehicle registration in India is 17% and expected to increase with rapid urbanization. The
current trend not only puts undue strain on India's foreign exchange reserves, but it also
has negative impacts on health, such as a tenfold increase in air and noise pollution.

India's E-mobility initiatives for pollution-free commercial and private transportation have
prompted many established vehicle manufacturers and new entrants to begin
manufacturing the e-vehicles in the last mile connectivity and bulk short/long distance
transportation space. With the roughly 69,500 EVs comprising only 0.085% of the 80
million registered vehicles, the potential for growth in India is immense.
3.3 Electric Vehicle Sales Trend In India (2020-21)

3.4 State-Wise EV Sales Trend in 2021

3.5 Business Opportunities

The EV push in India opens a plethora of business opportunities across three key
segments mobility, infrastructure and energy. These include opportunities in EV
franchising, EV OEM market, battery infrastructure, solar vehicle charging and
battery swapping technology among several others. According to NITI Aayog, the
complete transition to EVs requires a total investment of US$ 267 billion (Rs.19.7
lakh crore) in EVs, battery infrastructure and charging infrastructure.

According to the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE), the

EV industry could add 10 million direct jobs by 2030 which would create 50
million indirect jobs in the sector. Several automobile companies have plans to
participate in the EV industry as listed in the table below:
Company EV RELATED Plans

KIA KIA plans to manufacture small SUV EVs in India for global
markets in 2025,

Maruti Suzuki Maruti Suzuki plans to launch its first EV model in India by
2025

TATA Motors Tata Motors bags an order worth US$678 million (RS
5,000 crore) order from the government for electric
buses; it plans to launch 10 more EVs in India.

Hyundai Hyundai plans to launch IONIQ 5 EV in India by the second

half of 2022.

Hop charge Hop charge, a Gurgaon based startup has created the
world’s first on demand doorstep fast charge service.

MG Motors MG Motors India has partnered with Bharath petroleum

for expanding the EV charging infrastructure.

Mahindra & Mahindra Mahindra and Mahindra targets to launch 16 EV models

across its SUV and LCV categories by 2027
Chapter 4
Programmable Logic Controller(PLC)

4. Overview

A programmable logic controller (PLC) is an industrial computer control system

that continuously monitors the state. of input devices and makes decisions based
upon a custom program to control the state of output devices.

It is designed for multiple inputs and output arrangements, extended temperature

ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to vibration and impact.

They are used in many industries such as oil refineries, manufacturing lines,
conveyor systems and so on, wherever there is a need to control devices the PLC
provides a flexible
way to "soft wire" the components together.

The basic units have a CPU (a computer processor) that is dedicated to run one
program that monitors a series of different inputs and logically manipulates the
outputs for the desired control. They are meant to be very flexible in how they can
be programmed while also providing the advantages of high reliability (no
program crashes or mechanical failures), compact and economical over traditional
control systems.

In simple words, Programmable Logic Controllers are relay control systems put in
a very small package. This means that one PLC acts basically like a bunch of
relays, counters, timers, places for data storage, and a few various other things, all
in one small package.
4.1 Architecture of PLC

In simple words, Programmable Logic Controllers are relay control systems

put in a very small package. This means that one PLC acts basically like a
bunch of relays, counters, timers, places for data storage, and a few various
other things, all in one small package.

to communicate with external devices such as programmers, display

monitor The next diagram shows a simplified diagram of PLC's structure.
The central processing unit control everything according to a programme
stored in a memory (RAM/ROM ).Everything is interconnected by two
buses, the address bus and data bus. The system must be able and a/d
converter.
4.2 Ladder Diagram (LD):

The Ladder Diagram is also a graphics oriented programming language

which approaches the structure of an electric circuit. Ladder Diagram
consists of a series of networks. Each network consists on the left side of a
series of contacts which pass on from left to right the condition "ON" or
"OFF" which correspond to the Boolean values TRUE and FALSE. To each
contact belongs a Boolean variable. If this variable is TRUE, then condition
pass from left to right.

4.3 Communication/Programming With Software RSLINX

This chapter explains how to program the PLC. It describes how to

write a program, how the program is structured and representation
of the programming language.
4.4 Programming By Ladder diagram

Ladder logic is a method of drawing electrical logic schematics. It is now a

graphical language very popular for programming Programmable Logic
Controllers (PLCs). It was originally invented to describe logic made from
relays. The name is based on the observation that programs in this
language resemble ladders, with two vertical "rails "and a series of
horizontal "rungs" between them. A program in the ladder logic, also called
ladder diagram is similar to a schematic for a set of relay circuits.

The Ladder Diagram is also a graphics oriented programming language

which approaches the structure of an electric circuit. The Ladder Diagram
consists of a series of networks. A network is limited on the left and right
sides by a left and right vertical current line. In the middle is a circuit
diagram made up of contacts, coils, and connecting lines.

Each network consists on the left side of a series of contacts which pass on
from left to right the condition "ON" or "OFF" which correspond to the
Boolean values TRUE and FALSE. To each contact belongs a Boolean
variable. If this variable is TRUE, then the condition is passed from left to
right along the connecting line. Otherwise the right connection receives the
value OFF.

INPUT represented by I OUTPUT represented by O.

Addressing method:

1 slot=32 bit=2 word (1 char./word=2 byte=16 bit)

Input addressing:

File letter:Slot number.Word number/Bit number

For exampleI:2.1/1
Output addressing:

File letter:Slot number.Word number/Bit number

For example0:2.1/1

GENERALLY USED INSTRUCTIONS & SYMBOL FOR PLC

PROGRAMMING:

Input Instruction:

•--[]-- This Instruction is Called XIC or Examine If Closed.

ie; If a NO switch is actuated then only this instruction will be true. If a NC

switch is actuated then this instruction will not be true and hence output will
not be generated.

•--[\]-- This Instruction is Called XIO or Examine If Open ie; If a NC switch is

actuated then only this instruction will be

true. If a NC switch is actuated then this instruction will not be

true and hence output will not be generated.

Output Instruction:

1.--()-- This Instruction Shows the States of Output(called OTE).

ie; If any instruction either XIO or XIC is true then output will be high. Due to
high output a 24 volt signal is generated from PLC processor.

2.--(L)--Output Latch (OTL)

OTI. turns a bit on when the rung is executed, and this bit retains its state
when the rung is not executed or a power cycle occurs.
3.--(U) Output Unlatch (OTU) OTU turns a bit off when the rung is executed,
and this bit retains its state when the rung is not executed or when power
cycle occurs.

Rung:

Rung is a simple line on which instruction are placed and logics are created

E.g.:…………………………………………………..

Timer:

Timer has three bit:

EN: Enable bit :

The Timer Enable (EN) bit is set immediately when the rung goes true. It
stays set until the rung goes false.

TT: Timer timing bit:

The Timer Timing (TT) bit is set when the rung goes true. It stays set until
the rung goes false or the Timer Done (DN) bit is set (ie. when accumulated
value equals preset value).

DN: Done bit:

The Timer Done (DN) bit is not set until the accumulated value is equal to
the preset value. It stays set until the rung goes false.

Timer is three type:

1. TON 2 TOF 3 RTO

1. TON: Timer On

Counts time base intervals when the instruction is true.

2. TOF: Timer off

Delay Counts time base intervals when the instruction is false.

3. RTO: Retentive Timer

This type of timer does NOT reset the accumulated time when the input
condition goes false. Rather, it keeps the last accumulated time in memory,
and (if/when the input goes true again) continues timing from that point.
Set When Accumulated value wraps around to +32,768 (from: 32 767) and

Counter:

Counter has three bit:

Count Up bit (CU):

Set When Rung conditions are true and remains set till rung conditions go
false or a RES instruction that has the same address as the CTD instruction
is enabled.

Done bit (DN):

Set when the accumulated value is => the present value and remains set till

the accumulated value becomes less than the present value.

Overflow (OV):

Continues counting from there and remains set till a RES instruction that
has same address as the CTD instruction is executed or the count is
incremented greater than or equal to +32,767 with a CTU instruction.

Counter is two type:

•CTU

•CTD

CTU: Count Up

Increments the accumulate value at each false-to true transition and retains
the aaccumalated value when the instruction goes false or when power
cycle occurs.
CTD: Count Down

Decrements the accumulate value at each false-to true transition and

retains the accumulated value when the instruction goes false or when
power cycle occurs.

RESET: --(RES)—

Reset the accumulated value and status bits of a timer or counter.

A C5:0
--------[ ]--------------------(RES)---------------------------------

When A is true than counter C5:0 is reset

4.5 PROGRAMMING AND OPERATIONS IN PLC:

To understanding the programming and operation we consider a example.

We have a car parking place which has five car parking capacity and we
want to control the parking gate/light. We have one input sensor, one exit
sensor, for power supply start stop push button,and for indication LED light

Making programme: STEP: 1

Making start stop push button logic:

Here button a is start push button and b is stop push button and x is binary
type output.

STEP:2

Making input side sensor logic

Here we use one input sensor and one counter which is CTU (counter up)
and take CTU preset value 5.
STEP:3

Making exit side sensor logic

Here we use one Exit sensor and one counter which is CTD (Counter
Down) and take CTD preset value 5.

STEP:4

Making parking light (LED) control logic:

Here we take done bit(DN) of counter for controlling the led light.
4.6 Operation:

After program making it is downloaded in plc. This program store in plc

memory.

When we push the start button than plc scan the input means input
condition of button A is true (1) so the binary output is also true(1).

Fig: operation of Push button logic (on pressing no switch)

When start button release than input condition of button A is false. But the
start button and binary input both are in parallel. The address of binary
input both are in parallel. The address of binary output and binary input
are same so we get continuous supply.

Fig ; operation of push button logic (on releasing NO switch)

Binary output we can use as a input in next step its status is true for sense
the entering car we use a input sensor and for countingthe car we use a
CTU because accumulator value less than presetvalue.
Similarly when fifth car enter than CTU count it's accumulator value .Now
counter done bit is true because CTU address is C5:0 and take its preset
value 5 because parking place capacity is 5. When first car enter then input
sensor status goes true. Due to this CTU count one in it's accumulator value
.but counter done bit does not true accumulator value equal to preset value.

Fig: operation of input sensor logic

When done bit goes true than Led output is true so

parking lightr is on.

At exit side, one car is goes outside form parking place. Now four car is
present in the parking place but CTU done bit is on so LED light is on. To
remove this interlocking problem we use same address for both counter
(CTU and CTD).

Both counter have same address so CTU accumulator value and CTD
accumulator value both are same.
At exit side for sense the car we use a exit sensor when one car is exit.
Than exit sensor status is true and CTD count and update the accumulator
value.

Now both counter’s accumulator value less than present values so done bit
goes false and parking light off.
4.7 APPLICATION OF PLC :

•The PLC can be programmed to function as an energy management

system for boiler control for maximum efficiency and safety.

1.In automation of blender recliners

•In automation of bulk material handling system at ports. 4 In

automation for a ship unloaded

5 Automation for wagon loaders.

•For blast furnace charging controls in steel plants.

•In automation of brick molding press in refractory.

1.In automation for galvanizing unit.

•For chemical plants process control automation.

1.In automation of a rock phosphate drying and grinding system.

2.Modernization of boiler and turbo generator set.

•Process visualization for mining application.

•Criteria display system for power station.

Chapter 5
SCADA (SUPERVISORY AND DATA ACQUISTION)

5. Introduction

SCADA stands for Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition. As the name
indicates, it is not a full control system, but rather focuses on the supervisory
level. As such, it is a purely software package that is positioned on top of
hardware to which it is interfaced, in general via Programmable Logic
Controllers (PLCs), or other commercial hardware modules.

SCADA systems are used to monitor and control a plant or equipment in

industries such as telecommunications, water and waste control, energy, oil
and gas refining and transportation. These systems encompass the transfer
of data between a SCADA central host computer and a number of Remote
Terminal Units (RTUS) and/or Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), and
the central host and the operator terminals. A SCADA system gathers
information (such as where a leak on a pipeline has occurred), transfers the
information back to a central site, then alerts the home station that a leak
has occurred, carrying out necessary analysis and control, such as
determining if the leak is critical, and displaying the information in a logical
and organized fashion. SCADA systems consist of:

•One or more field data interface devices, usually RTUs, or PLCs, which
interface to field sensing devices and local control switchboxes and valve
actuators

•A communications system used to transfer data between field data

interface devices and control units and the computers in the SCADA central
host. The system can be radio, telephone, cable, satellite, etc., or any
combination of these.

•A central host computer server or servers (sometimes called a

SCADA Center, master station, or Master Terminal Unit (MTU) 4. A

collection of standard and/or custom software [sometimes called Human
Machine Interface (HMI) software or Man Machine Interface (MMI) software]
systems used to provide the SCADA central host and operator terminal
application, support the communications system, and monitor and control
remotely located field data interface devices.
1. Rockwell-RS view 32

2. Siemens-win CC

3. Wonderware-Intouch

4. GE-Intellation
5.1ARCHITECTURE:

Generally SCADA system is a centralized system which monitors and

controls entire area. It is purely software package that is positioned on top of
hardware. A supervisory system gathers data on the process and sends the
commands control to the process. For example, in the thermal power plant
the water flow can be set to specific value or it can be changed according to
the requirement. The SCADA system allows operators to change the set
point for the flow, and enable alarm conditions incase of loss of flow and
high temperature and the condition is displayed and recorded. The SCADA
system monitors the overall performance of the loop. The SCADA system is
a centralized system to communicate with both wire and wireless
technology to Clint devices. The SCADA system controls can run
completely all kinds of industrial process.

EX: If too much pressure in building up in a gas pipe line the SCADA system
can automatically open a release valve.

5.2 Hardware Architecture:

The generally SCADA system can be classified into two parts : 1 Clint layer

2 Data server layer

The Clint layer which caters for the man machine interaction. The data
server layer which handles most of the process data activities. The SCADA
station refers to the servers and it is composed of a single PC. The data
servers communicate with devices in the field through process controllers
like PLCs or RTUs. The PLCs are connected to the data servers either
directly or via networks or buses. The SCADA system utilizes a WAN and
LAN networks, the WAN and LAN consists of internet protocols used for
communication between the master station and devices. The physical
equipments like sensors connected to the PLCs or RTUs. The RTUs convert
the sensor signals to digital data and sends digital data to master unit.
Software Architecture:

Most of the servers are used for multitasking and real time database. The
servers are responsible for data gathering and handling. The SCADA
system consists of a software program to provide trending diagnostic data,
and manage information such as scheduled maintenance procedure, logistic
information, detailed schematics for a particular sensor or machine and
expert system troubleshooting guides. This means the operator can sea a
schematic representation of the plant being controlled.

EX: alarm checking, calculations, logging and archiving: polling controllers

on a set of parameter, those are typically connected to the server.

Human machine interface:

The SCADA system uses human machine interface. The information is

displayed and monitored to be processed by the human. HMI provides the
access of multiple control units which can be PLCS and RTUs. The HMI
provides the graphical presentation of the system. For example, it provides
the graphical picture of the pump connected to the tank. The user can see
the flow of the water and pressure of the water. The important part of the
HMI is an alarm system which is activated according to the predefined
values.
For example: The tank water level alarm is set 60% and 70% values. If the
water level reaches above 60% the alarm gives normal warning and if the
water level reach above 70% the alarm gives critical warning.

Monitoring/Control:

The SCADA system uses different switches to operate each device and
displays the status at

the control area. Any part of the process can be turned ON/OFF from the
control station using these switches. SCADA system is implemented to work
automatically without human intervention but at critical situations it is
handled by man power.

5.3 DESIGN SCADA WITH INTOUCH WONDERWARE SOFTWARE

SCADA is main interface between your control system and Operator.

Maximum data and features available on SCADA give you better control
and clarity about the system.

SCADA needs to read data from various devices like: PLC/Controllers

•RTU

•Energy meters/Load managers/Data loggers

Field instruments like Flow meters and positioners Each of above data
communicates with SCADA on various protocols. SCADA reads or writes
the data in format of tags.
5.4 INTOUCH WONDERWARE SCADA SOFTWARE:

First we crate the animated object from "Wizard Selection" tool than specify
tag name as require. We can create almost any screen animation effect
imaginable. We can make objects change colour, size, location, visibility, fill
level, and so on. Animation link selection dialog box are shown in fig

5.5 TOUCH LINK

A. User Input touch links:

Discrete: Used to control the value of a discrete tagname. Analog:

Used to input the value of an analog (integer or real) tagname.

String: Used to create an object into which a string message may

be input.
B.Sliders touch links: Vertical& Horizontal:

we can move the slider position horizontally or vertically.

B.Touch Pushbutton links: Discrete Value:

Used to make any object or symbol into a pushbutton that controls the state
of a discrete tagname. Pushbutton actions can be set, reset, toggle,
momentary on (direct) and momentary off (reverse) types.

Action:

Allows any object, symbol or button to have up to three different action

scripts linked to it; On Down, While Down and On Up.

Show Window:

Used to make an object or symbol into a button that opens one or more

windows when it is clicked or touched.

Hide Window:

Used to make an object or symbol into a button that closes one or more

windows when it is clicked or touched.

COLOR LINKS:

Discrete:

Used to control the fill, line and text colours attributes of an object or symbol
that is linked to the value of a discrete expression.
Analog:

The line, fill, and text colour of an object or symbol can be linked to the value
of an analog tag name (integer or real) or an analog expression. Five value
ranges are defined by specifying four breakpoints. Five different colours can
be selected which will be displayed as the value range changes. Discrete
Alarm:

The text, line, and fill colour of an object can all be linked to the alarm state
of a tag name, Alarm Group, or Group Variable. This colour link allows a
choice of two colours; one for the normal state and one for the alarm state of
the tag name. This link can be used for both analog and discrete tag names.
If it is used with an analog tag name, it responds to any alarm condition of
the tag name

Analog Alarm:

The text, line, and fill colour of an object can all be linked to the alarm state
of an analog tag name, Alarm Group, or Group Variable. Allows a specific
colour to be set for the normal state as well as a separate colour for each
alarm condition defined for the tag name.
OBJECT SIZE LINKS:

We use Object Size links to vary the height and/or width of an object
according to the value of an analog (integer or real) tag name or analog
expression. Size links provide the ability to control the direction in which the
object enlarges in height and/or width by setting the "anchor" for the link.
Both height and width links can be attached to the same object.

Hight Analog

Fig: object height dialog box

PERCENT FILL LINKS:

We use Percent Fill Links to provide the ability to vary the fill level of a
filled shape (or a symbol containing filled shapes) according to the value
of an analog tag name or an expression that computes to an analog
value. For example, this link may be used to show the level of liquids in a
vessel. An object or symbol may have a horizontal fill link, a vertical fill
link, or both.
LOCATION LINKS:

We use Location Links to make an object automatically move horizontally,

vertically, or in both directions in response to changes in the value of an
analog tag name or expression
6. APPLICATION OF SCADA:

SCADA systems can be relatively simple, such as one that monitors

environmental conditions of a small office building,or incredibly complex,
such as a system that monitors all the activity in a nuclear power plant or the
activity of a municipal water system.

SCADA monitors and controls industrial, infrastructure, or facility-based

processes, as described below:

 Infrastructure processes may be public or private, and include water

treatment and distribution, wastewater collection and treatment, oil
and gas pipelines, electrical power transmission and distribution, wind
farms, civil defence siren systems, and large communication systems.

 Facility processes occur both in public facilities and private ones,

including buildings, airports, ships, and space stations. They monitor
and control HVAC, access, and energy consumption.

Industries that are catered to are:

 Automotive

 Building Automation

6. Cement & Glass

 Chemical

 Electronics

 Food and Beverage

6. Machinery & Manufacturing

 Aerospace & Defence

6. Metals & Mining

  Oil & Gas

 Pharmaceutical

 Power, Utilities & Generation

 Transportation

 Water & Wastewater

• ADVANTAGES:

 The SCADA system provides on board mechanical and graphical

information

 The SCADA system is easily expandable. We can add set of

control units and sensors according to the requirement.

 The SCADA system ability to operate critical situations.

 “Jaipur Metro Rail Corporation-
Operations"
A

Practical Training Seminar Report submitted

in partial fulfillment

for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering

2022-2023

Submitted to:
Submitted by:
Mr. Name of Faculty
Name of Student
Seminar Coordinator
19EVJEEXXX
Dept. of Electrical Engg.
B.Tech. VII Semester

=======================================================================================================

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

VIVEKANANDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SISYAWAS, SECTOR-36, NRI ROAD, JAGATPURA, JAIPUR, RAJASTHAN
=====================================================================================================
 VIVEKANANDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi | Affiliated to RTU Kota, Rajasthan )

Candidates Declaration
It is hereby declared that the work, which is being presented in the Practical Training Seminar
Report titled “Jaipur Metro Rail Corporation- Operations” in partial fulfillment of the
award of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering and submitted in the
department of Electrical Engineering of Vivekananda Institute of Technology, Jaipur is
an authentic record of the work under the supervision and valuable guidance of Mr.
Name of Faculty, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Electrical Engineering.
The matter presented in the report embodies the result of the studies carried out by the
student and has not been submitted for the award of any other degree in this or any
other institute.

: Rahul Sharma
Name of the Candidate
: 19EVJEEXXX
RTU Roll No.

Mr. Satish Kumar Jangid Mr. Rahul Mishra

Seminar Coordinator Seminar Coordinator
Department of EE Department of EE

Dr. Md. Asif Iqbal Head of the

Department
Department of Electrical
Engineering
Vivekananda Institute of
Technology, Jaipur
 Acknowledgem
ent
... What makes us who we are should be glorified, personified and sung unto the stars!!
— Muse, Enigmatic Evolution

I would like to express my special thanks and gratitude to my Seminar guide, Mr. Name of
Faculty, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering for providing me a
golden opportunity to work and prepare a project report on the topic “Jaipur Metro Rail
Corporation- Operations” and for paving the path towards the completion of this report by
his esteemed guidance and enlightenment.

I would also like to extend my sincere regards to Mr. Dhiraj Singh, my mentor and
Vice-Principal, Vivekananda Institute of Technology, Jaipur and all the faculty members in
the department for providing us their kind encouragement and cooperation in strengthening
our knowledge in this field and for providing me an opportunity to work on my project.

- Rahul Sharma
 Dedicated to

my parents who taught me the art of living

and

my teachers who taught me the art of

exploration
 Abstract

Existing conventional modes of transportation of people consists of four unique types:

rail, road, water, and air. These modes of transport tend to be either relatively slow (e.g., road
and water), expensive (e.g., air), or a combination of relatively slow and expensive (i.e.,
rail). Hyperloop is a new mode of transport that seeks to change this paradigm by being both
fast and inexpensive for people and goods. Hyperloop is also unique in that it is an open design
concept, similar to Linux. Feedback is desired from the community that can help advance the
Hyperloop design a bring it from concept to reality.Hyperloop consists of a low pressure
tube with capsules that are transported at both low and high speeds throughout the length of
the tube. The capsules are supported on a cushion of air, featuring pressurized air and
aerodynamic lift. The capsules are accelerated via a magnetic linear accelerator affixed at
various stations on the low pressure tube with rotors contained in each
capsule.Passengers may enter and exit Hyperloop at stations located either at the ends
of the tube, or branches along the tube length.In this study, the initial route,
preliminary design, and logistics of the Hyperloop transportation system have been derived.
The system consists of capsules that travel between Los Angeles, California and San
Francisco, California. The total one-way trip time is 35 minutes from county line to county
line. The capsules leave on average every 2 minutes from each terminal carrying 28 people
each (as often as every 30 seconds during rush hour and less frequently at night). This gives a
total of 7.4 million people per tube that can be transported each year on Hyperloop. The total
cost of Hyperloop is under $6 billion USD for two one-way tubes and 40 capsules. Amortizing
this capital cost over 20 years and adding daily operational costs gives a total of $20 USD
plus operating costs per one-way ticket on the passenger Hyperloop.
Attach Training
Certificate here
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Name of the figure Page No.

Fig: 1 Depicts the concept of small-scale renewable energy sources 4

Fig: 2 The electricity value chain 10
Fig: 3 The smart grid environment 13
Fig: 4 Telecommunication technologies for the smart grid 18
 LIST OF TABLES
Figure No. Name of the tables Page No.

Fig: 1 Depicts the concept of small-scale renewable energy sources 4

Fig: 2 The electricity value chain 10
Fig: 3 The smart grid environment 13
Fig: 4 Telecommunication technologies for the smart grid 18
Candidates Declaration i
CONTENT

Acknowledgement ii

Dedication iii

Abstract iv

List of figures v

List of tables vi

CHAPTER No. CHAPTER PAGE No.

Chapter 1 Introduction to Smart Grid and its drivers 1--8

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Drivers of Smart Grid Technology 1
Chapter 2 The Technology of Smart Grids 9--28
2.1 The Electricity Value Chain 9
2.2 Network operations 11
2.3 Evolutionary changes in network operations 12
2.4 What are ISOs doing about the smart grid? 14
2.5 Intelligent Electronic Devices 16
2.6 Telecommunications 18
Considerations in selecting telecommunications
2.6.1 technologies 18
2.6.2 Telecommunications in India 19
2.7 Information Technology 20
2.7.1 Physical and cyber security 21
2.8 Business applications and services 22
2.9 Customer Relations Management 24
2.10 Automated call centers 26
2.10.1 Utility portals 26
2.10.2 Informing customers before and during meter change-out 27
2.10.3 Resolving bill complaints 27
Chapter 3 Engineering Economics and Financing 39--53
3.1 Engineering Economic Issues 30
3.2 Traditional Cost-Benefit Analysis 30
3.2.1 Cost analysis 32
3.3 Training and development of key staff 33
3.4 Benefits analysis 33
3.5 Calculating project costs and benefits 38
Estimating Technology Costs for a “First Time” 39
3.6 Implementation
3.7 Risks Associated with Smart Grid Projects 39
3.8 Examples of Recent Smart Grid Analyses 43
 3.8.1 Asia 45

3.9 Challenges for the Smart Grid 46

Chapter Recommendations 5
4 The still-evolving concept 4-
4.1 How Should India Respond to the Smart Grid Vision? 6
4.2 What are the Barriers to Smart Grid Implementation in 5
4.3 India? 61
54
4.3.1 A Needs-Based Methodology The role of 62
59
4.4 USAID/India 63
4.4.1 Opportunities for US-India collaboration 65
4.4.2 A flexible implementation approach is required 65

CONCLUSION 66
REFERENCES 67
APPENDICES
 Vivekananda Institute of Technology, Jaipur

STUDENT COUNCIL GUIDELINES FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-2023

Importance of Council

It is the medium through which the students get information about various activities of the
college and get involved in them. The entire college gets involved in all the activities and
decision making process.
In the context of constructivism every student need to own the responsibility for his academic
and personal growth. For this objective, council like this provides a platform.

Objective:

To make the students participate in the development of the Institute and develop their career,
personality and organizational skills through interactive programs with the faculty,
administration and society.

Executive Committee:

The Student Council will have an Executive Committee. The Executive Committee shall
consist of the following Office Bearers, who are directly elected by Institute Management team.
•President
•Secretary
•3 Members from each club (Club President/ Club Secretary/ One Member)

Eligibility Criterion:

Candidate shall not have any academic backlogs.

Candidate should fulfill minimum attendance criterion.
Candidate should not been involved in any indisciplinary activities.
Candidate should not have any dues to Institute

Who can participate?

Members must complete an application and meet the eligibility requirements. We are looking
for some dynamic, enthusiastic, and committed students to join the Student Council for this
year. Qualities necessary for any member on student council are:

Leadership skills – Are you willing to lead committees and be a representative for your class?
Creative – Are you able to think of new and exciting activities and fundraisers for the student
council.
Communicative –Are you able to share ideas with other student council members, your class
and all of Academic Institutes?
Team player – You could be working with the council to generate ideas and organize events
for the Student Council.
Responsibility – You may be responsible for running activities throughout the institute and
you must be reliable.
Commitment –This is a year-long activity and if you volunteer now, you will be expected to
come to all meetings for the remainder of the year. There will be at least 9 meetings throughout
the year, so if this does not fit into your schedule, please do not volunteer.
 Vivekananda Institute of Technology, Jaipur

Benefits of participating:

It helps to build character, leadership, decision making, organization skills, and

responsibility.

Students who become members of student council can be dismissed for poor:

Grades- Below a passing average (minimum 7CGPA and no backs) at the end of a six weeks grading period
could result in a dismissal from the student council.
Attendance- Not attending 3 or more meetings could result in a dismissal from the student council.
Attitude- Students should represent Wayside in the best way possible at all times. Students should
have a good/helpful attitude during all Student Council events, and not doing so could result in
dismissal.
 Vivekananda Institute of Technology, Jaipur

NOMINATION FOR POSITION OF ..................................................................................................., STUDENT

COUNCIL, VIVEKANANDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JAIPUR

I………………………………………………….……, S/o, D/o……………………………………, a student

of

...……………year B. Tech.,……………………..branch, bearing Roll No………… proposed my name for the post

of ......................................................., Students Council for the academic year 2022-2023.

I declare that:

I have not been subjected to any indisciplinary action so far nor have I been involved in any incident

which warrants a disciplinary action by the institute.

I do not have any academic backlogs.

I do not have any shortage of attendance in the past years of study at this Institute. I do not have any dues

to institute.

My date of birth is …………………. as per the record.

I declare that the above information is correct to the best of my knowledge and belief and any false
statement will disqualify me from holding any positions in the Students Council.

SIGNATURE OF THE PROPOSER

ENCLOSURES TO THE NOMINATION PAPERS

S.No Required Document Yes/No
1. All Semester Marks sheet
2. Aadhar Card
3. PAN Card
4. Resume
5 LOR by HOD