PRECEPTION AND

INTELLIGENCE
PRECEPTION
Perception is a set of process, which helps us

 in understanding the world around us.

 in interpreting our world
 in making an appropriate decision.
•  Gestalt theory emphasizes that the sum of any given thing is greater than
the sum of its parts.
• The two pioneer of Gestalt Psychology are: Wertheimer, Koffka, Kohler
LAWS OF PRECPTION
Gestalt psychologists proposed a number of principles or laws to explain
the process of perceptual organisation and those are:
• First Ground Figure
• The Law of Proximity
• The Law of Continuity
• Similarity
• Law of Closure
• Law of Common Fate
• Law of Pragnaz
FIRST- GROUND FIGURE

• It is a person's ability to separate an object from its surrounding

visual field is referred to as figure-ground perception. The
object that a person focuses on is called the figure; everything
else is referred to as background, or simply ground.
THE LAW OF PROXIMITY

• This law states that in order to perceive stimuli meaningful, stimuli which
are closer to each other are perceived by us as belonging to one group.
THE LAW OF CONTINUTY

• This law refers to our tendency to perceive figures in continuation rather than in parts
THE LAW OF SIMILARITY

This law states that stimuli similar to each other are grouped together.
THE LAW OF CLOSURE

This law should not be confused with the law of proximity. This law states that we have a
tendency to perceive stimuli as closed shapes even with some missing parts.
LAW OF COMMON FATE

• It states that stimuli moving in similar directions are perceived as belonging to same
group,
LAW OF PRAGNAZ

The word Pragnaz is German in origin, meaning “good figure”. This principle is also
called as “law of good figure”. According to this principle, out of all possible ways
of grouping stimuli, we tend to group stimuli in the simplest and stable shape.
INTELLIGENCE
• Intelligence, as a hypothetical construct, is the aggregate or global
capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to
deal effectively with his environment” (Wechsler, 1944).
• Intelligence is a general capacity of an individual consciously to adjust his
thinking to new requirements” (Stern, 1914)
GARDNER’S EIGHT
TYPE OF
INTELLIGENCE
• Linguistic: Enjoy writing, reading, telling stories or doing crossword puzzles.

• Logical-Mathematical: Interested in patterns, categories and relationships. Drawn to

arithmetic problems, strategy games and experiments.

• Bodily-kinesthetic: Process knowledge through bodily sensations. Often athletic,

dancers or good at crafts such as sewing or woodworking
Spatial: Think in images and pictures. May be fascinated with mazes or
jigsaw puzzles, or spend free time drawing, building things or
daydreaming.

Musical: Often singing or drumming to themselves. Usually quite aware of

sounds others may miss.
Naturalistic intelligence:
Related to the attraction towards environmental issues, plants and animals.
People with this kind of intelligence enjoy doing activities such as
camping, hiking, caring for animals, learning about nature, recycling and
caring for the environment.
• Interpersonal Intelligence: It is common in those who are good at talking,
working in teams, helping others, mediating conflicts and meeting new
people.

• Intrapersonal Intelligence: It distinguishes those who know themselves

best. It is related to work independently, set goals and focus on achieving
them, understand their feelings and know their strengths and weaknesses.