Intellectual

Revolution
And How It Defined The
Society
 What is intellectual revolution?
● refer to Greek speculation about the "nature" in the
period before Socrates (roughly 600 to 400 BCE).

o "pre Socratic" or "non-theological" or "first

philosophy". – more on physics and logic
● showed how society was transformed by science
and technology
 Table of Contents

Copernican Darwinian
01. Revolution 02. Revolution
in the early times people questioned the most controversial IR
what created days and night. of its time.

Freudian
03. Revolution
relating to the ideas or
methods of Sigmund Freud
01
Capernicum
Revolution
In the early times people questioned
what created days and night.
“Mortal as I am, I know that I am born
for a day. But when I follow at my
pleasure the serried multitude of the
stars in their circular course, my feet
no longer touch the earth.”
— Claudius Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy

A famous philosopher and astronomer

stated that the planets, as well as the sun and the
moon, moved in circular motion around the
Earth.

The sun and the moon’s revolution explained the

existence of days and nights.

He believed that the Earth was at the center-concept

known as GEOCENTRISM.
Geocentrism or Earth-centered

In the geocentric system, the Earth is

considered to be the center of the solar system.

The Moon, the planets, the Sun, and the stars all
rotate around the Earth (which stays still), with
uniform circular motion. They compose the
heavens, which are considered to be ethereal and
unchanging.
“To know that we know what we know,
and to know that we do not know what
we do not know, that is true
knowledge.”
— Nicholas Copernicus
Nicholas Copernicus

A Polish mathematician astronomer,

challenged the Ptolemaic model.

He introduced a new concept

known as HELIOCENTRISM which suggested
that the center of the
Solar system was not the Earth but actually the
sun.
Heliocentrism/Heliocentric Model
The heliocentric theory argues that the sun is the
central body of the solar system and perhaps of
the universe. Everything else (planets and their
satellites, asteroids, comets, etc.) revolves
around it.

The heliocentric, or Sun-centered, model of the solar

system never gained wide support because its
proponents could not explain why the relative
positions of the stars seemed to remain the same
despite the Earth’s changing viewpoints as it moved
around the Sun.
 Nicholas Copernicus

The idea was It was eventually

He was persecuted
rejected at first by the accepted by the
as a heretic because
public due to people in a period
his teachings were
religious which was called the
against what was
belief had taught BIRTH OF MODERN
widely accepted by
them that the Earth ASTRONOMY.
religion.
was created first
before all other
things.
 Nicholas Copernicus

Birth Of Modern
Astronomy
This era began what was
known as the scientific
revolution which resulted in
the transformation of
society’s thoughts and
beliefs.
02
Darwinian
Revolution
One of the most controversial
intellectual revolutions of its time
“In the long history of humankind (and
animal kind, too) those who learned to
collaborate and improvise most
effectively have prevailed.”
— Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin
An English naturalist, biologist and
geologist.

 All life is related and has descended from a

common ancestor: the birds and the bananas,
the fishes and the flowers -- all related.

Published his book, On the Origin of Species.

 Complex creatures evolve from more

simplistic ancestors naturally over time.
On the Origin of Species

In this book, Darwin introduced the

THEORY OF EVOLUTION, which
posited that populations pass through a
process of natural selection in which only
the fittest would survive. He stated that
organisms have the ability to adapt to
their environment.
03
Freudian
Revolution
relating to the ideas or methods of
Sigmund Freud
“The mind is like an iceberg, it floats
with one-seventh of its bulk above
water.”
— Sigmund Freud
 Sigmund Freud
- was the founding father of psychoanalysis, a method
for treating mental illness and also a theory which
explains human behavior.
He was able to change people’s perception of
psychology with his revolutionary theory of
psychoanalysis.

Freud was a one of a kind thinker. There can be little question that he was
influenced by earlier thinking regarding the human mind, especially the
idea of there being activity within the mind at a conscious and unconscious
level yet his approach to these topics was largely conceptual. His
theoretical thoughts were as original as they were unique. It is a testament
to Freud’s mind to know that whether you agree, disagree, or are
ambivalent about his theory, it remains as a theoretical cornerstone in his
field of expertise.
 Theory of Psychoanalysis
-- is the study that explains human
behavior.
 He explained that there are many conscious and
unconscious factors that can influence behavior
and emotions.
 He also argued that personality is a product of 3
conflicting elements; id, ego and superego.
 Many believed that Freud’s theory had no scientific
basis as no empirical or experimental data could
support it.
 But he continued to work on refining his theory and
in fact tried to explain hos psychoanalysis can be a
clinical method in treating some mental disorders.
 Soon enough, people were able to understand the
concepts of psychoanalysis, which eventually
resulted in classifying psychology as a science.