CHAPTER 5

EYE INJURY
 FOREIGN BODY IN THE EYE

Wings of insects Coal Dust

Dust Metal Particles

Loose Eye-Lashes

Wings of insects, dust, coal, metal particles from lathes

and loose eye-lashes are common objects which get
lodged under the eyelids. They cause pain and later
redness if they are not removed at once.
WHAT DO I SEE AND ENQUIRE?
Following signs or symptoms may be observed:

- The person complains of pain or discomfort

- Redness and watery eyes
- The person complains of a blurred vision.
 WHAT DO I DO?
1. Ask the casualty not to rub into the eye.

2. Ask the casualty to sit. Pull the lower lid down to inspect.
3. Rinse the eye immediately with plenty of water for 10-
15 minutes, preferably from the nose outwards.
Usecleanwaterorwaterthathasbeenboiledandcooled.
Becareful:
 Water at room temperature is more comfortable
than cold water.
 Verywarmwatermightburntheeye.
Makesurenoliquidorrinsingwaterrunsintotheothereye
4. If washing of eyes did not work, you may try to remove foreign object with a narrow moist
swab or a twisted corner of a clean handkerchief.

If foreign body is not visible it may be under the upper eye lid. Ask the casualty to grasp
his upper lashes and pull the upper eyelid over the lower lid. The lower lashes may brush
the particle clear.

If this did not work, you may ask the casualty to blink under clean water. You can also
use an eye cup to blink the eye in it.
5. If something is sticking to or embedded in the eye, the eyeball or pupil, do not try to
remove it.

6. Cover the eye and transport the casualty to the nearest healthcare facility for
further care.
7. Do not put medication into the eye.

8. Wash your hands after taking care of the person. Use soap and
water to wash your hands. Alcohol based sanitizers can also be used,
if available.

What do I do when there are

burns to the eye?
Provide first aid as described in the section on
burns to the eye.
WHAT DO I DO WHEN THERE ARE HARMFUL
LIQUIDS SPILLED INTO THE EYE?

Provide first aid as described in the section on chemical

burns to the eye.
WHEN TO REFER TO A HEALTHCARE FACILITY?

Eye injuries have to be managed always with great care. Always refer these victims
to the nearest healthcare facility.
CHAPTER 6

&
A road traffic injury is defined as
suffering to a pedestrian, the driver,
or the passenger of any moving
bicycle or vehicle.
• The law defines a road traffic accident as
a collision involving a vehicle on a road or in
a public area that has caused damage or
injury to a person, animal, another vehicle or
property. You can be the victim of a road
accident whether you were driving, a passenger,
on foot, riding a bicycle or horse when you
sustained the injury. 2.
Causes:
Road conditions
Potholes: Severe accidents can
occur when blacktop or
asphalt are missing in large
chunks from the road.
Slick roads: Slippery
surfaces cause
hydroplaning to
Oil and chip: These are occur
temporary fixes on roads
before they are resurfaced. Oil
and chip areas can become
slippery when left for extended
periods of time.
Overly fast driving speeds

Speed is one of the main factors in fatal road

accidents. Just a few mph over the limit could be
the difference between life and death.

Sharp bends, unexpected hazards, and vehicles

coming out of junctions all present dangers on the
road. Dangers that can’t be avoided if you’re driving
too fast.
 ALCOHOL, DRUG, OR MEDICATION CONSUMPTION PRIOR TO DRIVING

The effects of specific drugs on driving skills differ depending on how

they act in the brain. For example, marijuana can slow reaction time,
impair judgment of time and distance, and decrease coordination.
Drivers who have used cocaine or methamphetamine can be aggressive
and reckless when driving. Certain kinds of prescription medicines,
including benzodiazepines and opioids, can cause drowsiness, dizziness,
and impair cognitive functioning (thinking and judgment). All of these
effects can lead to vehicle crashes.
 DRIVER CARELESSNESS

1. Illegal lane changes;

2. Drivers holding cell phones;
3. Falling asleep at the wheel;
4. Speeding.
5. Drivers not using signals; and/or.
6. Disobeying traffic signs.
careless driving refers to failing to drive a motor vehicle in a careful and cautious
manner. Careless driving may be accidental, but nevertheless the driver presented
a danger to other drivers and pedestrians.
 Seat belt or motorbike
not worn by the rider/driver and passengers
helmet Signals not obeyed or hanging off of a vehicle

Drivers and other passengers sitting in a vehicle who are not wearing the helmet and
seat belt can become a projectile when car strikes. They can hit wind screen and get
serious injuries. ... If you are wearing the helmet you can avoid major head injuries.
Precaution is better than cure:
 Do not allow anybody who has taken alcohol or drugs
to drive.
 Use helmets and seatbelts at all times.
 Do not speak on the mobile phone while driving, riding
a motorbike, or walking on or crossing the road.
 Look both ways before crossing the road.
 Do not leave children unattended on the road.
 Obey traffic rules and observe speed limits
 Avoid situations which cause anger or irritation prior
to driving
 SEEK MEDICAL HELP IF:
 There is a collision or accident on the road

 The individuals are lying on the road and appearing to be injured, unconscious,
or bleeding
Action before the ambulance arrives:- FIRST AIDER
ACTION

 Call for help

 Ensure someone watching traffic all the time
 Make sure you guard yourself from incoming traffic
by placing at least 1 vehicle between rescue scene
and injured person.
 Check the victim’s responsiveness
 Maintain patient Airway by Jaw thrust technique
avoid head tilt chin lift.
 Do CPR if the victim is not breathing.
 Attempt to stop any external bleeding by using a
clean handkerchief and applying direct pressure to
the site of bleeding
 Wait for the ambulance to arrive instead
of attempting to transport the victim to the
hospital in any other vehicle. You may do
further damage in the process of
transporting him/her.
 If not ambulance is available, shift the
victim in an appropriate position.

Do NOT
 Do NOT enter the scene unless it is safe
and proper traffic management in place.
 Do NOT remove any penetrating objects
(ex. Broken glass/metal)
 Do NOT lift the victim because neck
injuries are likely and may paralyze the
victim permanently.
 GROUP #9
1. Ballester, Jerome R.
2. Jonathan Boleche
3. Mark Renz Mangahas Resurreccion
4.Mark Jone Andoy
5. Jorge Tolentino
6. Justin Gutierrez
7. Hanze Palapaz
8. Leonard C. Viscayca
9. Miko Enriquez
10. Kurei Espiritu
11. Raphael J. Cuabo