Chapter 4

Arrangement of Electrons in
Atoms
I. The Development of a New
Atomic Model
Electromagnetic Radiation:
“radiant energy” form of nrg that has
wave characteristics and can travel
through a vacuum “light”
 Electromagnetic Spectrum:
 Distribution among various wavelengths of
the radiant nrg emitted or absorbed by an
object
 Wavelength (): corresponding points
on adjacent waves---Ex:

Frequency (): # of waves that pass a

point in a specific time

 c = () () ------inversely proportional

 c = () () ------inversely proportional
c : m/s
 : m, cm, nm
 : waves/second--Hertz (Hz)
 Photoelectric Effect: emission of e- by
certain metals when light shines on
them
 Quantum: min quantity of nrg that can
be lost or gained by an atom
 E = (h) ()
o J = (Js) (Hz)
o Planck’s constant: 6.626 X 10-34 Js
Video #15 (wave function and
wave particle)
• Einstein
o dual wave-particle to describe light
 Photon: radiation with zero mass
carrying a quantum of nrg
o packet of nrg emitted when an e- drops nrg
levels
 Ground state:
lowest nrg state
 Excited state:
higher potential nrg
 --Bohr’s Model--
 e- exist only in orbits with specific
amounts of energy called energy levels
 Therefore…
 e- can only gain or lose certain amounts of
energy
 only certain photons are produced
 Line-Emission Spectrum

excited state

ENERGY IN PHOTON OUT

ground state
 Bohr Model

65 -Energy of photon
4
3
2
depends on the
1 difference in energy
levels
-Bohr’s calculated
energies matched
the IR, visible, and
UV lines for the H
atom
 Other Elements
 Each element has a unique bright-line
emission spectrum.
 “Atomic Fingerprint”

Helium
 Bohr’s calculations only worked for
hydrogen! ----pg 97
II. The Quantum Model of the
Atom
 A. Electrons as Waves
o Diffraction: bending of a wave as it passes
by the edge of an object
o Interference: results when waves overlap
EVIDENCE: DIFFRACTION PATTERNS

VISIBLE LIGHT ELECTRONS

 Video # 13(What is the
Heisenberg Uncert)
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
Impossible to know both the velocity and
position of an electron at the same time
 Video #14(Quantum
Mechanics: Schrod)
 Schrödinger Wave Equation (1926)
 finite # of solutions  quantized energy
levels
 defines probability of finding an e-

Ψ 1s  
1 Z 3/2 σ
π a0
e
 A. Atomic Orbitals and
Quantum Numbers
 Orbital: probable location of an e-
 Quantum #: properties of atomic
orbitals and properties of e-’s in
orbitals
 Principal quantum #: (n), indicates
main nrg level occupied by the e-
o n = 1 -----occupies 1st nrg level
 Angular momentum quantum #: (l),
indicates shape of orbital
 Magnetic quantum #: (m), orientation
of an orbital
 Spin quantum #: which spin state (+)(-)
 ***See table 4-2 pg 104
Orbital (“electron cloud”)
Region in space where there is 90% probabilit

Orbital
Radial Distribution Curve
Four Quantum Numbers:
Specify the “address” of each electron in an a

UPPER LEVEL
1. Principal Quantum Number ( n )

Energy level

Size of the orbital

n2 = # of orbitals in
the energy level
2. Angular Momentum Quantum # ( l )
Energy sublevel
Shape of the orbital

s p
d f
n = # of sublevels per level
n2 = # of orbitals per level
Sublevel sets: 1 s, 3 p, 5 d, 7 f
3. Magnetic Quantum Number ( ml )
Orientation of orbital
Specifies the exact orbital
within each sublevel
4. Spin Quantum Number ( ms )
Electron spin  +½ or -½
An orbital can hold 2 electrons that spin in
opposite directions.
 III. Electron Configuration
 Aufbau principle:
lowest nrg orbits fill first
 Pauli exclusion principle:
no 2 e-’s can have the same 4
quantum #’s. This is where spin
allows 2 e-’s to be in the same orbit
o Ex: 
 Hund’s rule:
orbital of equal nrg are occupied by
1 e-, before any is occupied by 2 e-’s
o Ex:   
 Orbital Notation:
ex: pg 107
 Electron Config Notation: pg 107
 Electron Dot diagram: ex
 Noble gases:
 are inert
 complete octet
 --show ex----
 Table 4-3 pg 110
1. Principal # energy level
2. Ang. Mom. # sublevel (s,p,d,f)
3. Magnetic #  orbital
4. Spin #  electron
Feeling overwhelmed?