Introduction

Synchronous Machines:

•Synchronous Generators: A primary source of electrical energy largest

(energy converter).
•Synchronous Motors: Used as motors as well as power factor compensator
(synchronous condensers).

Asynchronous(Induction) Machines:

•Induction Motors: Most widely used electrical motors in both domestic and
industrial applications.
•Induction Generators: Due to lack of a separate field excitation, these
machines are rarely used as generators
 Induction Motor
•Most popular motor today in the low and medium horsepower
range

•Very robust in construction

•Have replaced DC Motors in areas where traditional DC Motors

cannot be used such as mining or explosive environments

•Of two types depending on motor construction: Squirrel Cage or

Slip Ring

•Only Disadvantage: Most of them run with a lagging power factor

 STATOR CONSTRUCTION

• Outer cover called as

stator(stationary) – purpose is for
protection of the machine and to
hold the armature / stator winding

• The inner periphery of the stator is

slotted and the three phase
balanced winding is placed on the
slot – stator winding

• A uniform airgap exists between the

stator and the rotor
 Squirrel Cage Rotor

Resistance of the rotor circuit is fixed

 Slip Ring Rotor
•The rotor contains windings similar to stator.

•The connections from rotor are brought out using slip rings that
are rotating with the rotor and carbon brushes that are static.

•Resistance of the rotor circuit can be increased by adding

three phase rheostat

•Under running conditions slip rings are automatically short

circuited by means of metal collar (just like squirrel cage rotor
Torque Production in an Induction Motor
• In a conventional DC machine field is stationary and the current
carrying conductors rotate.
• We can obtain similar results if we make field structure rotating
and current carrying conductor stationary.
• In an induction motor the conventional 3-phase winding sets up the
rotating magnetic field(RMF) and the rotor has short circuited
conductors.
• An EMF and hence current is induced in the rotor due to the speed
difference between the RMF and the rotor, similar to that in a DC
motor.
• This current produces a torque such that the speed difference
between the RMF and rotor is reduced.
• Hence the rotor starts rotating in the same direction as that of
stator stator field in order to reduce the speed difference(opposing
the cause producing it)
• The starting torque of induction motor depends on the rotor
resistance (directly proportional).
• As the resistance of the squirrel cage induction motor cannot be
changed after construction its starting torque cannot be varied
hence they are used in applications where starting torque required
is low
• Resistance of slip ring induction motor can be increased by adding
rheostat and hence they have high starting torques. So they can be
used in applications where the motor is to be started with load
 Slip in Induction Motor
• The speed difference cannot become zero because that would stop generation
of the torque producing current itself.

• The parameter slip ‘s’ is a measure of this relative speed difference

N s  N r s  r
s 
Ns s
where Ns , s are the speeds of the RMF in RPM and rad/sec respectively
Nr , r are the speeds of the rotor in RPM and rad/sec respectively