VOLUMETRIC

CALCULATIONS

How to analyze
titration data
and
perform dilution
calculations
VOLUMETRIC PROCEDURES

Involve the careful measurement of volumes of solutions

 Dissolve materials in water and run reaction in solution -
titration in Erlenmeyer flask (designed for swirling to mix
reactants)
 Buret is the measuring device - can read volumes to 0.01 mL
 Pipets may also be used, especially to transfer solutions - good
to 0.01 mL
SOME TERMINOLOGY

 Analyte Substance being analyzed

 Aliquot Fraction extracted from the sample

 Titrant Solution in the burette

Solution of known concentration
 Standard solution
 Equivalence point Stoichiometric point
 End point Point where color changes
CONCENTRATION
Mass percent is the mass of the element or solute divided by the mass
of the compound or solute. 
Molality is a measure of the number of moles of solute in
a solution corresponding to 1 kg or 1000 g of solvent.
 AT THE EQUIVALENCE POINT
 For a 1-to-1 reaction such as:
HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O
n acid = n base

 n = molarity x volume in liters

 So
Macid x Vacid = Mbase x Vbase
WHAT IS THE END POINT?

 The end point is the point where an indicator changes color.

 This is the visual sign to stop or end the titration. If the indicator
is selected correctly, the change is at or very near the equivalence
point!
 Example is phenolphthalein
colorless in acid
pink in base
TİTRANT AND ANALYTE

The titrant is a solution of known concentration

that is added ( titrated) to another solution to
determine the concentration of a second chemical
species. 
analyte a substance whose chemical constituents
are being identified and measured.

The titrant us usually added from a buret so we

can determine its exact volume
 EQUİVALENCE AND END POİNTS

In determining when the reaction is complete you need to be aware of two

terms
1. Equivalence point This is the point at which you have added titrant that is
exactly equivalent to the analyte
2. End point - This is the point that you observe some change in solution.
Ideally the Equivalence point and the endpoint are exactly the same, but
many times they are a little off from each other. This lead to titration error. It
is usually possible to perform a blank titration where the procedure is repeated
without an analyte to see howlarge the titration error is.
 EXAMPLE OF CALCULATION

A 25.07 mL sample of vinegar is titrated with 37.31 mL of 0.5119 M NaOH.

What is the molarity of the acetic acid (CH3COOH)in vinegar?
CH3COOH+NaOH H2O + CH3COONa

nnaoH = 37.31 mL x x 0.5119 = 0.01910 moles

nacid = 0.01910 mol of NaOHx = 0.01910 moles

Ma = = 0.01910 moles/0.02507 L = 0.7618 M

 What is the percent acetic acid in the vinegar? Vinegar has a density near water so our 25.07 mL
sample has a mass of 25.07 g.

Mass of acetic acid = moles x MM

= 0.01910 moles x 60.00 g/mole
= 1.146 g acetic acid

Percent = part x 100/total

= 1.146 g acetic acid x 100/ 25.07 g sample
= 4.47% acetic acid
 DILUTION -

Process of adding solvent, usually water, to lower the

concentration of a solution
Used to make working standards for spectrophotometry Solute is constant.
Used to bring a sample into range for analysis Solvent is being
Typically done using a pipet (TD) snd volumetric flask (TC) added.
DILUTION CONTINUED
Since the solute is constant, then

ni = nf
So the dilution equation becomes

Ci Vi = Cf Vf
where Vf = Vi + Vw
DILUTION CALCULATION

What initial volume of 0.50 M CuSO4 must be used to make 100 mL of 0.025 M
CuSO4 solution?

Ci Vi = Cf Vf and rearrange
Vi = Cf Vf / Ci
=0.025 M x 100 mL/ 0.50 M = 5.0 mL