Lecture - 1 Introduction - To - Engg. - Geology - Seismology

LECTURE No.
CE-217
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY & SEISMOLOGY
Dr. Muhammad Waseem

Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering &
Technology Peshawar
Engg. Geology & Seismology Instructor: Dr. Muhammad Waseem

(CE-217) 1
Welcome!
Course Duration: One Semester
Level: 3rd semester (Fall 2022)

Credit Units: 03 Credit Hrs. (Contact Hrs. 03)
Engg. Geology & Instructor: Dr. Muhammad Waseem 2

Seismology (CE-217
Reference Books
1. A Text Book of Principles

of Engg. Geology by K.M
Banger
2. Geotechnical earthquake
engineering by Steven L.
Kramer
3. Earthquakes newly
revised and expanded by
Bruce A. Bolt University
of California, Berkeley
Engg. Geology & Seismology

(CE-217) Instructor: Dr. Muhammad Waseem 3
Lecture No.1
Agenda
1. Introduction
2. Geological Hazards
3. Engineering Geology
4. Interior of earth
5. Plate tectonics theory
6. Important principles in geology
7. Geological Time Scale

(CE-217 Instructor: Dr. Muhammad Waseem 4
Weekly Schedule
Quizzes
Week Weekly Lectures
Assignment
Objectives of the course, introduction , branches of geology, importance of geology, engineering geology as a vital tool for
1
civil engineers, what happens when geology is ignored?
Definition and explanation of Minerals, classification of rock forming minerals, properties of minerals. How minerals are
2
identified,
3 Assignment 1
Definitions , classification and formation of rocks Nature of rock and Rock cycle , Igneous rocks and its classification
Definition and explanation of Sediments, Sedimentary rock, Metamorphism its types, and metamorphic rocks, Engineering
4 properties of rocks Quiz 1
Introduction to Weathering Erosion, Deposition, weathering process, types of weathering, what affects the rate of
5
weathering. Product of weathering.
Introduction to geological structures, stress, strain, strength, types of stresses, behavior of rocks under stress, folds
6 terminology, types of folds, recognition of folds in the field, Joints, faults and fractures and its types, uses of geological Assignment 2
structures to age strata.
Important Geological Considerations for Dam Site selection, Geological Considerations for Tunneling. Effects of
7
Associated Geological Structures
8 Mid-Term Exam

Weekly Schedule
Introduction to engineering seismology, difference between geologist and seismologist, induced effects of
9
earthquakes, world seismicity, plate tectonics, continental drift theory, sea floor spreading, elastic rebound theory.
10 What are seismic waves, wave terminology, seismic waves, sources of seismic waves, multiple frequency signals Quiz 2
11 Types of seismic waves, seismic wave propagation, earthquake origin parameters, travel times, locating earthquakes. Assignment 3
Measuring earthquake size, earthquake magnitude, Richter’s local magnitude, modern seismic magnitudes, surface
12
wave magnitude, body wave magnitude, seismic moment and moment magnitude
Conversion between magnitude scales, relationship between magnitude scales, energy magnitude relationship,
13 magnitude discrepancies, earthquake intensities, magnitude and intensity, different types of intensity scales, damage Quiz 3
state and vulnerability
How ground motion is recorded, instrument sensitivity, amplitude and frequency range of a seismic signals,
Long
14 Amplitude and frequency range of a seismometer, features of digital strong motion recorders, data sampling and assignment
recording
Strong ground motion parameters, amplitude parameters, frequency content parameters, Fourier and response spectra,
15
strong ground motion duration parameters
16 Introduction of site effects, basic of seismic hazard analysis, hazard mapping and zonation
18 Final-Term Exam

Course Aim / Objectives
 To enable students to apply the

knowledge of engineering geology in
civil engineering projects and the
protection of life and property against
damage caused by
various geological conditions.
 To provide the basic knowledge about

the earthquake process and
mechanism, and their impacts on the
built environment, to facilitate the
earthquake resistant design of civil
infrastructures.

CLOs, Mapping with PLOs
Upon successful completion of the course, the student will be able to:
CLO Taxonomy
Description PLO
No. Domain
1 Define basic terminologies used in geology and seismology C1 1
Explain different processes like, earthquakes, seismic wave
2 propagation, rocks formation, weathering, erosion, C2 1
deposition, etc.
Analyze geological and seismological data to ascertain
3 C4 2
parameters affecting civil engineering infrastructure.

What is Geology?
• Geology is from Greek language in which:

– Geo means earth
– Logos means science
• Study of earth
– Its origin, structure, composition and history.
• Geology considered important as it provides

primary evidence for plate tectonics, the history of
life and evolution.
• In modern times, geology is commercially

important for mineral and hydrocarbon
exploration, is publically important for predicting
and understanding natural hazards, plays an
essential role in geotechnical engineering, and is
a major academic discipline.
Why Geology is Important
• Supplying Things We need-
• Protecting Environment-
• Avoiding Geological Hazards-

Why Geology is Important

What is Geology?
• Earth’s Dynamic Nature

 Planet earth, and particularly its crust, is highly
dynamic with reference to time (the geological time-scale).
 Geology studies the magnitude and nature of these changes.
 Study of changes to earth’s crust allows us to consider conditions of
the future (Remember! Any engineering design is always for future)
• Study of Rocks
 Process through which these rocks were formed.
 Rocks hold history in their folds, sometimes clearly
visible and sometimes eradicated by later events.
• Study of Earth’s Interior

 Which helps us understand the hazards that underlay the surface on
which we live (Earthquakes).

Branches of Geology
The Earth’s Material

• Petrology: the study of rocks, the processes that form them.
• Mineralogy: the identification, classification, and description.
• Economic Geology: The analysis of ore deposits for industrial and economic
development.
• Hydrogeology: Study of the movement and distribution of groundwater in the
earth.
• Geophysics: deals with the physical processes and physical properties of the earth
as revealed by the measurement of its physical fields and effects. Methods developed
by the geophysicist are used routinely in engineering geology to reveal the nature
and geometric forms of rocks concealed from view.
• Geochemistry: Uses principles of Chemistry to understand the major geological

system i.e., earth crust and its ocean. 13
Subdivisions of Geologic Science
The Earth’s Processes

• Physical Geology: physical geology, scientific discipline that is concerned with all
aspects of the Earth's structure, composition, physical properties, constituent rocks and
minerals, and surficial features.
• Geomorphology: study of the development of landforms, e.g. ridges and valleys,
glacial moraines, stream levees, deserts, and beaches.
• Structural Geology: Deformation History of rocks.
• Volcanology: study of volcanic processes, which embraces the building of volcanoes,
the composition and properties of erupted material, and the physics of eruptive
processes.
• Sedimentology: Processes of erosion, transportation, and sedimentation and their
imprints on the characteristics of the rocks formed from sediments.
14
Subdivisions of Geologic Science
The Earth’s History
• Historical Geology: the history of the earth from the data contained in rocks.
• Stratigraphy: consists of procedures to establish the time correlation of strata.
• Geochronology: branch of geology concerned with the dating of rock formations and
geological events.
• Paleontology: the study of the developments and evolution of life through

classification and analysis of the fossil record.
15
Origin of Earth
Various Theory
1. Nebular Hypothesis
2. Planetesimal Hypothesis
3. Gaseous Tidal Hypothesis
4. Binary Star Hypothesis
5. Gas Dust Cloud Hypothesis
16
Nebular Hypothesis
German philosopher, Kant and French mathematician, Laplace

• Earth, planets and sun originated from Nebula.
• Nebula was large cloud of gas and dust that rotated slowly.
• Gradually it cooled and contracted and its speed increased.
• A gaseous ring was separated from nebula
• Later the ring cooled and took form of a planet
• On repetition of the process all other planets came into being
• The central region, nebula became sun.
18
Planetesimal Hypothesis
Chamberlin and Moulton proposed the theory in 1904

• The sun existed before the formation of planets
• A star came close to the sun.
• Because of the gravitation pull of the star, small gaseous bodies were
separated from the sun
• These bodies on cooing became small planet's
• During rotation the small planets collided and form planets
20
Gaseous Tidal Theory
Jeans and Jeffrey proposed the theory in 1925

• Large star came near the sun. Due to gravitational pull a
gaseous tide was raised on the surface of the sun.
• As the star came nearer, the tide increased in size.
• Gaseous tide detached when star move away.
• The shape of the tide was like spindle.
• It broke into pieces-forming nine planets of the solar system.
22
Binary Star Theory
– This hypothesis was proposed by Lyttelton in 1938 and its

main features are:
• The sun, before formation of the planets had a companion star.

• A large star passed close to this set of stars (sun and its binary or
companion) and caused detachment of a gaseous filament which
remained with-in the gravitational pull of sun and formed the
planets.
• Formation of planets is similar to that as explained in the Gaseous
tidal hypothesis.

Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Adeel Arshad 24
(CE-312)
Binary Star Theory

(CE-312)
Recent Theories
– Since 1943, various theories have been proposed to explain the origin
of earth and the solar system. These theories are somewhat similar to
the Nebular hypothesis as proposed by Karl and Laplace. These
theories sufficiently explain the variation in chemical composition and
densities of planets in relationship with the observations.
– These theories can be summarized as:
• There was a disc-shaped cloud of dust around the sun.
• Planet formation was a result of aggregation of the matter in this cloud.
This happened about 4600 million years ago.
• Close to the sun, only those materials condensed which have higher
melting points such as metals and rock-forming minerals.
• Volatile materials such as water, Methane and Ammonia were dispersed
further away and formed the less denser planets.
• Sun had a considerable magnetic field which acted as a rotating magnet
and caused the outward motion of the gases. Through this mechanism, the
sun imparted angular momentum to the planets which consequently
caused the sun’s angular momentum to diminish.
(CE-312)
SEISMOLOGY
Greek:
“Seismos” = earthquake
“Logy” = study
Seismology

What is Seismology?
• Seismology is science dealing with all aspects
of earthquakes
• Multidisciplinary science, links physics with
other geosciences (geology, geography)
• Very young science (second half of the 19th
century)
• OBSERVATIONAL SEISMOLOGY
 Recording earthquakes (micro-seismology)
 Cataloguing earthquakes
 Observing earthquake effects (macro-seismology)
• ENGINEERING SEISMOLOGY
 Estimation of seismic hazard and risk
 Aseismic building
• ‘PHYSICAL’ SEISMOLOGY
 Study of the properties of the Earth’s interior
 Study of physical characteristics of seismic sources.

Engineering Seismology
Seismology is study of the generation, propagation and recording

of the elastic waves and the source that produce them.
30
Engineering Geology
Engineering Geology is defined by the Association of Engineering Geologists as:
The discipline of applying geologic data, techniques, and principles to the

study of :
a)Naturally occurring rock and soil materials, and surface and sub-surface fluids
and;
b)The interaction of introduced materials and processes with the geologic

environment, so that geologic factors affecting the planning, design, construction,
operation and maintenance of engineering structures (fixed works) and the
development, protection and remediation of ground-water resources are adequately
recognized, interpreted and presented for use in engineering and related practice.

Importance of Engineering Geology in Civil Engineering
practice (Simple Version)
What is Engineering Geology?

• Engineering geology is the application of geological data, techniques and
principles to the study of rock and soil surficial materials and ground water.
• This is essential for the proper location, planning, design, construction,

operation and maintenance of engineering structure.
32
Domain of Engineering Geology
• To serve the art and science of engineering through description of the

structure and attributes of the rocks connected with engineering works. It is
concerned with the mapping and characterizing all the materials proximate
to a project.
• Identify and evaluate natural hazards like landslides and earthquakes that
may affect the success of engineering project.
33
Geological Hazards
Geologic hazards are typically evaluated

by engineering geologist who are educated
and trained in interpretation of landforms and
earth process, earth-structure interaction, and
in geologic hazard mitigation. Some of
geological hazards are:
• Land slides, Kashmir's Earthquake 2005
• Earthquakes
• Tsunamis
• Volcanic Eruptions
Mexico’s Active Volcanic Eruption

Alaska Pipe Line

Delivering Alaskan Oil

Tsunami 2004

Tsunami 2004

The 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo—
Geologists Save Thousands of Lives

Philosophy of Engineering Geology
1. All engineering works are built in or on the ground.
2. The ground will always, in some manner, react to the construction of the
engineering work.
3. The reaction of the ground (its “engineering behavior”) to the particular

engineering work must be accommodated by that work.
4. Strength, Stability and Durability of Civil Engineering projects

Role of Geology in Civil Engineering
Engineering Geology serves civil engineering to provide information in

three most important areas:
 Resources for Construction

 Aggregates, fills and borrows.
 Finding Stable Foundations

 Present is the key to the past –Geology
 Past is the key to the future –Engineering
 Mitigation of Geological Hazards

 Identify problems, evaluate the costs, provide information to
mitigate the problem

1. Systematic knowledge of construction materials, structure and

their properties.
2. Information about Erosion, Transportation and Deposition (ETD).
3. Idea about nature of rocks helps in tunneling, road construction and slop
stability
4. Problems with foundations of structures.
5. Knowledge of ground water.
6. Study of geological features like faults, joints, beds, folds etc. helps in
stability of structures.
7. Pre-geological survey of the area concerned reduces the
costof engineering work.

Bridges

Tunneling

What happens when civil engineers ignore geology as an
essential tool?
Dam Failure

What happens when civil engineers ignore geology as an
essential tool?
Land Sliding

Interior of Earth
• Knowledge of Earth’s interior is based on very few direct investigations

that have been carried out through boring into the earth’s crust. These
bore have been drilled to depths of a few kilometers.
• These bore hole data has been supplemented with extrapolation
techniques to other depths in addition to more studies on heat-flow
characteristics, geostatic pressure and earthquakes (seismology).
These studies reveal characteristics of earth’s interior to great depths.
• Based on these studies, the earth’s interior has been mapped as
show
in the figure in the next slide.

(CE-312)
Interior of Earth
• The Three Major Chemical Radial Divisions
1. Crust
2. Mantle
3. Core
• Layers:
1. Lithosphere
2. Asthenosphere
3. Mesosphere

Interior of Earth

Plate Tectonics
PLATE TECTONICS theory is very young (1960-ies)
It provides answers to the most fundamental questions in seismology:
 Why earthquakes occur? Why are earthquake epicenters not uniformly
distributed around the globe?
 At what depths are their foci?
TECTONIC FORCES
• The interior of the Earth is dynamic. It
cools down and thus provides energy for
convective currents in the outer core and in
the astenosphere.
• Additional energy comes from radioactive
decay.
• Convection in the astenosphere enables
tectonic processes – PLATE TECTONICS

Instructor: Dr. Muhammad Waseem 53
(CE-217
Plate Tectonics
 Tectonic plates
 Tectonic plates are large

parts of litosphere
‘floating’ on the
astenosphere.
 Convective currents move them around with velocities of

several cm/year.
 The plates interact with one another in three basic ways:
1. They collide (Convergent Boundaries)

2. They move away from each other (Divergent Boundaries)
3. They slide one past another (Transform Boundaries)
Plate Boundaries

TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ifke1GsjNN0&feature=related
• Three types of plate boundaries exist,

characterized by the way the plates
move relative to each other.
(A) Divergent (Tension)

(Spreading Zones)
(B) Convergent (Compression)

(Subduction Zones)
(C) Transform (shearing)

(Transform Plates)
56
TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES
•Melting subducting plates push

up mountains, melt as volcanoes
•Cool, dense oceanic plates typically

go beneath lighter continents
Site for Earthquakes http://hyperion.advanced.org/21903/

57
Geological Maps

Geological Map of Islamabad

Geological Time
Scale

Geological
Time Scale

(CE-217 ) Instructor: Dr. Muhammad Waseem 63
Geological Time Scale

Important Principles of
Geology
1. Principal of Original Horizontality
The principle of original horizontality states that sediment

is deposited horizontally.
2. Principal of Superposition
This principle states that a sequence of rocks in their
original orientation will have the oldest rock on the
bottom and the youngest rock on the top.

The End
Thank You

Engineering Geology
• Engineering geology is the application of geological data, techniques and
principles to the study of rock and soil surficial materials, and ground
water.
• This is essential for the proper location, planning, design, construction,

operation and maintenance of engineering structures such as dams,
tunnels, bridges and buildings.
• Engineering geology complements environmental geology, or

hydrogeology.
• What does Engineering Geologist study?
- ROCK, SOIL AND WATER

• The interaction among these three constituents, as well as with
other engineering materials and structures (Bridges, buildings,
tunnels, dams etc.)

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF EARTH
• Earth is consists of following layers, starting from top to the center of earth, (1) outmost
layer is Crust, Mantle, Outer core, and Inner core.
• Lithosphere: Crust + upper most solid mantle is called Lithosphere, which is hard and
rigid and is about 100 Km thick. The lithosphere is broken into tectonic Plates.
• Asthenosphere: Below the Lithosphere, there is a softer layer of about 400 Km called
Asthenosphere.
•Crust thickest (40 Km) under new

mountains, thinnest below oceans (5
Km), Oceanic crust more uniform and
dense than continental crust
68
Branches of Geology
• Physical Geology
Study of natural processes that modify the earth’s surface.
Like the action of wind, rivers, glaciers, ocean currents, and other mechanisms of
change and their constructive and destructive effects
• Petrology
Study of rocks, their components, and their mutual arrangements (textures or fabrics).
• Mineralogy
The identification, classification, and description.
• Structural Geology
Crustal strains and its consequences.
• Economic Geology
The analysis of ore deposits
• Geophysics
deals with the anatomy of the earth as revealed by the measurement of its physical
fields and effects. Methods developed by the geophysicist are used routinely in
engineering geology to reveal the nature and geometric forms of rocks concealed from
view.
• Paleontology
Study of fossils in rocks.
• Mining Geology
Instructor: Dr. Muhammad Waseem 69
Application
(CE-217)
of Geology to Mining engineering.
Pakistan Map With Plate Boundaries

Geological Maps


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LECTURE No.

ENGINEERING GEOLOGY & SEISMOLOGY

Dr. Muhammad Waseem

Engg. Geology & Seismology Instructor: Dr. Muhammad Waseem

Course Duration: One Semester

Level: 3rd semester (Fall 2022)

Engg. Geology & Instructor: Dr. Muhammad Waseem 2

1. A Text Book of Principles

Engg. Geology & Seismology

Engg. Geology & Seismology

Engg. Geology & Seismology

Engg. Geology & Seismology

 To enable students to apply the

 To provide the basic knowledge about

Engg. Geology & Seismology

Engg. Geology & Seismology

• Geology is from Greek language in which:

• Geology considered important as it provides

• In modern times, geology is commercially

• Supplying Things We need-

• Avoiding Geological Hazards-

Engg. Geology & Seismology

Engg. Geology & Seismology

• Earth’s Dynamic Nature

• Study of Earth’s Interior

Engg. Geology & Seismology

The Earth’s Material

• Geochemistry: Uses principles of Chemistry to understand the major geological

The Earth’s Processes

• Stratigraphy: consists of procedures to establish the time correlation of strata.

• Paleontology: the study of the developments and evolution of life through

German philosopher, Kant and French mathematician, Laplace

Chamberlin and Moulton proposed the theory in 1904

Jeans and Jeffrey proposed the theory in 1925

– This hypothesis was proposed by Lyttelton in 1938 and its

• The sun, before formation of the planets had a companion star.

Engg. Geology & Seismology

Engg. Geology & Seismology

Engg. Geology & Seismology

Engg. Geology & Seismology

Seismology is study of the generation, propagation and recording

Engineering Geology is defined by the Association of Engineering Geologists as:

The discipline of applying geologic data, techniques, and principles to the

b)The interaction of introduced materials and processes with the geologic

Engg. Geology & Seismology

What is Engineering Geology?

• This is essential for the proper location, planning, design, construction,

• To serve the art and science of engineering through description of the

Geologic hazards are typically evaluated

Mexico’s Active Volcanic Eruption

Engg. Geology & Seismology

Engg. Geology & Seismology

Engg. Geology & Seismology

Engg. Geology & Seismology

Engg. Geology & Seismology

1. All engineering works are built in or on the ground.

3. The reaction of the ground (its “engineering behavior”) to the particular

4. Strength, Stability and Durability of Civil Engineering projects

Engg. Geology & Seismology

Engineering Geology serves civil engineering to provide information in

 Resources for Construction

 Finding Stable Foundations