XWDM Technology

xWDM Technology
© Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2008, Proprietary Information

Objectives
 B/w demand & option to increase it
 TDM, WDM & Comparison
 History & Evolution of WDM
 ITU-T wavelength grid & channel spacing
 OLTs & Transponder
 Multiplexer/Demultiplexer
 OADM & its architecture
 ROADM & its applications
 Optical Amplifier—EDFA & RAMAN AMPLIFIER
 CWDM
 CWDM & DWDM comparison

Bandwidth Demand
Band width doubles on every six to nine months

Data
Data traffic overtakes voice traffic
Data traffic 300% growth/year

250
Voice traffic 13% growth/year
200
And at the same time the no. of users also increasing
volume
Traffic
150
Voice
100
50
1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005
Voice-centric Data-centric

Options for increasing the Bandwidth
Installing new fibers

More fibers Same bit rate, more fibers
Slow time to market

Expensive Engineering
Duct Exhaust
Faster Electronics Increasing bit rate

TDM Higher bit rate, Same Fibers
Expensive & Complex Electronics
Increasing the no. of wavelengths

WDM Same Fiber & Bit rate, more λs
Fiber Compatibility
Fast time to market
Utilizes existing TDM equipment

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
 TDM transmits multiple signals simultaneously over a single transmission path by assigning each stream a different
time slot.
 Here N independent information streams, each running at a data rate of R bits/sec, are interleaved electrically into a
single information stream operating at a higher rate of N X R bits/sec
 Problem with TDM is mitigated by Statistical Time Division Multiplexing
Bits of Information
Fiber
MUX TDM
Time Slot

TDM Limitations at Higher Bit rate
 Expensive and Complex Electronics TDM

E1/DS1
Channel 1
 Complex Modulation Scheme E3/DS3 Single Fiber
-
STM1 (One
 SNR Deceases STM4 -
Wavelengths)
STM16 Channel N
 Dispersion is very high
Note: Transmission at 40Gb/sec (STM-256) over single-mode (SM) fiber is 16 times more affected by
Dispersion than the transmission at 10Gb/sec (STM-64) ??
Double the speed and you double the amount of dispersion.

When you double the speed you halve the length of an NRZ or NRZI pulse
Dispersion lengthens a pulse by a fixed amount in time - not by a percentage
Thus if you halve the length of a pulse (by doubling the speed) then the same amount of dispersion will have twice the
effect it had before. So combining the two effects we come to a new rule.
Every time you double the speed you multiply the effect of dispersion by a factor of four! - not two.
Multilevel coding

Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
Technology of combining several optical signals having different wavelengths and transmitting simultaneously over a
single fiber is known as wavelength division multiplexing
Each channel is independent of other
2.5 Gb/s
Current systems use a range of
Fiber 10 Gb/s λ1 wavelengths between 1540 nm and
1560 nm ??
TDM
MUX
2.5 Gb/s Fiber 30Gb/s

Fiber 10 Gb/s λ2
WDM
TDM MUX
MUX
2.5 Gb/s
Fiber 10 Gb/s λ3
TDM
MUX

TDM and WDM Comparison
 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

TDM
 Single wavelength per fiber E1/DS1
Channel 1
E3/DS3 Single Fiber
 Multiple channels per fiber -
STM1 (One
STM4 -
 E/O or O/E/O Conversion Wavelengths)
STM16 Channel N
 Common signal format
 Takes synchronous & asynchronous signals

multiplexes them to a single higher optical bit rate
 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) WDM
 Multiple wavelength per fiber λ1

STM4
Single Fiber
 Multiple channels per fiber STM16 λ2
STM64 (Multiple
 No O/E Conversion
ATM λ3 Wavelengths)
 Can carry multiple protocols GE λ4
 Takes multiple optical signals and
multiplexes them in to a single fiber

WDM History
64 to 160 channels in 1550 nm window

Late Next Generation DWDM systems
1990’s Channel spacing of 0.2 to 0.4 nm
16 to 40 channels in 1550 nm window

Mid
DWDM (Dense WDM)
1990’s
Channel spacing of 0.8 to 1.6 nm
2 to 8 Channels in 1550 nm window

Early
Passive or 2nd Generation WDM
1990’s
Channel Spacing of 3.2 nm
1980’s Two Channels WWDM (Wideband WDM)

1310 nm and 1550 nm

WDM Evolution
 Faster (Higher Speed per Channel)
 10 Gb/sec per channel
 Thicker (More channels)
 160 channels possible today
 Longer (Link lengths before regeneration)
 A few thousands KM possible today
 160 channels at 10 Gb/sec = 1.6 Tb/sec
 25 million simultaneous phone calls

The ITU-T Wavelength Grid
ITU standard specifies that certain standard frequencies be used to identify & specify WDM channels.
In terms of frequencies, the ITU channels are given by
So, ITU channels begin at 190.00THz (Channel 0, 1577.86 nm) and increments by 0.1THz for each subsequent
channels. It usually spans over C-band—1520 -1570 nm
The operating frequencies are called ITU grid frequencies ( or wavelengths)
The corresponding wavelength spacing is given by
For λ=1553.33 nm, c = 299792.458 THz.nm and Δυ =0.1 THz
Δλ ~ 0.8nm

The ITU-T Wavelength Grid
DWDM typically use one of the following wavelength separations
λ
1528.77 nm 1563.86 nm
0.8 nm
ν
196.1 THz 191.7 THz
100 GHz

The ITU-T Wavelength Grid Specification

Channel (Wavelength) Spacing
DWDM~0.8 nm
CWDM~20 nm
WWDM~100 nm

Optical Line Terminals (OLTs)
OLTs are used at either end of a point to point link to MUX/DMUX λs
The three functional elements inside an OLT are TRANSPONDERS, WAVELENGTH MULTIPLEXERS and optionally OA
A transponder adapts the signal coming from a client of the optical network into a signal suitable for use inside the
optical network. Likewise, in the reverse direction, it adapts the signal from the optical network into a signal suitable for
the client.
The interface between the client and the transponder depends on the client, bit rate and the distance/loss between the
client & the transponder. The most common interface is the SDH short-reach (SR) interface.
Any system/equipment that is connected to MUX/DMUX
MUX/
DMUX Example: SDH Multiplexer, IP switch, router etc..
Interface can be fixed or pluggable, optical or electrical,

Optical Multimode (MM) or optical Singlemode (SM).

TRANSPONDER

Generates the WDM wavelength
 Acts as a “buffer” between client equipment and WDM layer:

• Ensures a controlled transmission environment in WDM layer
• Relaxes the requirements on the client system optical interfaces
 Used when Optical LTE doesn’t have tight tolerance ITU optics
 The wavelengths generated by the transponder typically conform to standards set by ITU in the
1.55 μm wavelength window
 Enables quality check of client signal at entry and exit points
 Enables addition of extra OH-channels that can be used for e.g. management traffic for the
WDM network.
 Enables aggregation of multiple client signals to improve utilization of the wavelength channel
 It adds FEC, particularly for signals at 10Gbps and higher rates
 It also monitors the BER of the signal at the ingress and egress points in the N/w
 Performs 3R function

Operation of DWDM Transponder
From Terminal
Equipment ITU Wavelength
Receiver 3R Transmitter
Pre

DWDM Components - Multiplexer & Demultiplexer
Aggregates/extracts multiple WDM wavelengths to/from a line fiber

Multiplexer & Demultiplexer contd.
Combining the signals or channels (Multiplexer)

3dB coupler (Y coupler) loss is more
Gratings and planar waveguide gratings have much lower loss and their loss is not dependent on the
number of channels so these are most often used in systems with more than four channels
Reflective (Littrow) gratings A typical commercial Littrow grating combining 32 channels has a loss
(per channel) of around 6 dB
Arrayed Waveguide grating (AWG) routers total loss levels of around 5 dB for devices with up to 64
channels
Separating the Channels at the Receiver (Demultiplexer)

Reflective (Littrow) gratings A typical commercial Littrow grating combining 32 channels has a loss
(per channel) of around 6 dB
Arrayed Waveguide grating (AWG) routers total loss levels of around 5 dB for devices with up to 64
channels
Circulators with in-fibre bragg gratings
Splitters with individual Fabry-Perot filters

3dB splitter array with Fabry-Perot filters 8 port configuration Total loss is 9dB per port with an additional
3 dB for the FP filter
Cost is linear with the no. of ports
Pin P1
P3 P2
Circulators with FBG Each wave length is separated from the multiplexed stream separately
Attenuation of 1 to 1.5 dB per stage

Cost is linear with the no. of ports

In-Fiber Bragg Gratings with Couplers
Arrayed waveguide gratings (AWG s) AWG Wavelength multiplexer/Demultiplexer

DWDM Components – Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (OADM)
Circulator based OADM
In 1 2 2 Out
FBG
3 λBragg= λ3 1
Drop Add
AWG OADM

Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (OADM)
1 1
2 2
Back-to Back DWDM 3 3
 Express channels
must be regenerated
 Two complete DWDM
terminals needed
N N
OADM 1 1
2 2
 Provides drop-and- continue 3 3
functionality
 Express channels only
amplified, not regenerated
 Reduces size, power
and cost
N N

OADM Architecture
λ1, λ2, -----, λW λ1, λ2, -----, λW

DMUX MUX
Parallel Arch.
Drop Add
DMUX MUX
λ1, λ2, -----, λW λ1, λ2, -----, λW

DMUX MUX
Modular version of Parallel Arch.
Add
λ1 λ2(Drop)
λ1, λ2, -----, λW λ1, λ2, -----, λW
Drop Add Serial

λ1 λ2 λW

OADM Architecture-contd.
λ1, λ2, -----, λW λ1, λ2, -----, λW
Drop Add Band drop

λ1, λ2, λ3 , λ4
W=Total no. of channels

D=Maximum no. of channels that can be dropped by a single OADM
Attribute Parallel Serial Band Drop

D =W 1 <<W
Channel Constraints None Decide on channels at Fixed set of channels
planning stage
Traffic changes Hitless Requires hit Partially hitless
Wavelength Planning Minimal Required Highly constrained
Loss Fixed Varies Fixed up to D
Cost (small drops) High Low Medium
Cost (large drops) Low High Medium

Impact of traffic changes using serial OADMs
X dB
25 dB
A B C D
X+3 dB
28 dB
A B C D
X+6 dB
A B C D

Example-OADM
A linear, four-node network with nodes A,B,C, and D is build using optical add/drop multiplexers (OADM),
which can drop two channels. Three wavelengths λ1, λ2, λ3 are available. Let us design the system where the
light paths are AB, BC, CD, AC, and BD.
Linear network A-B-C-D
Light paths AB BC CD drop add

AC BD
λ1 λ1 λ1
A---------------------B---------------------C---------------------D
λi λi
λ2
----------------------------------------------
λ3 λj λj
-----------------------------------------------
λ2 λ3
λ1 λ1 λ1 λ1 λ1 λ1 λ1
λ2 λ2 λ3 λ2 λ3
The traffic requirements change in the network. How do the OADMs change if the required light paths are now
AB, BC, CD, AD, and BC ???
Reconfigurable OADMs (ROADMS)
ROADM
Capable of being configured to drop a certain maximum no. of channels

Allows to select the desired λs to be dropped & added dynamically under remote software control,
including
the transponders whenever there is a demand, without affecting the operation of the existing channels.
Not require the user to plan ahead as to what channels to be dropped at a particular node
Maintain a low fixed loss regardless of how many channels are dropped/added versus passed through
ROADM ROADM
ROADM ROADM
ROADM
ROADM ROADM

ROADMS-contd.
λN Optical switch
λ1, λ2, -----, λN λ1, λ2, -----, λN

DMUX MUX
λ2
λ1 A partially tunable OADM using a parallel
architecture with optical add/drop switches
and fixed λ transponders
RT RT
----------- Transponders
T R T R
λ1, λ2, -----, λN λ1, λ2, -----, λN
λ1 λ2 λN
RT RT RT
------------------ Transponders
T R T R T R
A partially tunable OADM using a serial

architecture with fixed λ transponders
ROADMS-contd.
Any λ
-------------------
A fully tunable OADM using a serial

architecture with tunable transponders with
Tunable laser & a broadband receiver
A fully tunable OADM using a parallel

architecture with tunable transponders
DWDM Components – Optical Amplifier (EDFA)
Active medium  10 to 30 m length of fiber doped with Er 3+ 1000 parts/million weight
Operating range  1535 nm to 1560 nm
Optical
Loss Amplification
OA

EDFA - Basics
Absorption
Spontaneous Emission
Stimulated Emission
Same wavelength, Direction, Phase & Polarization

EDFA
Amplified
980/1480 nm
Pump Signal Erbium Doped Fiber Output Signal
Input Signal Coupler Isolator
1550 nm

EDFA – Input & Output Spectrum

DWDM with EDFA
16 channels spacing
at 100 GHz (0.8 nm)
C-band, 1530-1565 C-band, 1530-1565

nm nm

Advantages
Amplifiers cost less than repeaters and require less maintenance.
The use of an amplifier enables future upgrades and changes to take place with minimal
impact (read cost) on the installed link.
The use of the amplifier allows for future use of WDM technology with minimal change to
the outside plant.

EDFA Design Issues
 The main parameters in the design of an EDFA
 Fiber Glass Material

 Characteristics of the fiber
 Erbium Concentration profile
 Erbium Fiber length
 Pump Sources
 Passive or active components such as couplers, isolators
 Primary design goals
 High Gain
 High output power
 Low noise figure
 Flatness of the gain spectrum
 Reliability

EDFA - Applications
Booster Amplifier
In-Line Amplifier
Pre-Amplifier

Raman Amplifier

Four Wave Mixing (FWM)
FWM is a 3rd order non-linearity in optical links. FWM is worse for equally spaced WDM channels and minimum
if the channels are unevenly spaced. It is elastic scattering.
SBS & SRS are inelastic scattering.
For W wavelengths in a fiber,

the no.of FWM channels (N)
Produced is
Remedy
Unequal channel spacing
NZDSF

DWDM - Benefits
 Capacity Increase
 Large aggregate transmission capacity

 Upgradability
 Customer growth without requiring additional fiber to be laid
 Flexibility
 Optical Add/Drop Multiplexing (OADM)

 Optical Cross connect (OXC)
 Scalability
 The possibility to add new nodes to the network
 Network Transparency
 Independent of data rate, format and protocols

CWDM
Typical CWDM characteristics

 Low cost profile – typically less management, cheaper components, un-cooled lasers. Un-amplified
technology!
 Max 16 wavelength channels – Lowest attenuation in 1550nm region. Intrinsic increase in attenuation
for lower channels. Warning for ”water peak”!
fiber attenuation

WDM Wavelength
Optical Amplifier (EDFA) gain curve
CWDM DWDM
Outside DWDM L-band
DWDM-band 30 dB C-band
25 dB
gain
20 dB
15 dB
Wavelengths standardized by ITU.

G.694.1 DWDM-spacing: 12.5GHz, 25GHz, 50GHz, 100GHz ....
G.694.2 CWDM-spacing: 20nm
Coarse WDM (CWDM): Lasers w/o temperature control

Dense WDM (DWDM) : Lasers with temperature control

CWDM
 It deploy uncooled DFB lasers and Wide band optical filters
 Lower Power dissipation

 Smaller size
 Less Cost
 The semiconductor laser wavelength drifts about 0.08 nm/ oC
 It typically operate from 0 – 70 oC with laser wavelength drifting about 6 nmTotal wavelength variation~ ±12 nm
 Up to 16 channels with 20 nm spacing
Target distances from 40 km to 100 km
Un-cooled 1,550 nm distributed-feedback laser

(Wavelength as a function of Temperature)

CWDM vs DWDM Coarse vs DENSE
When DWDM?
• Need for high scalability in terms of wavelengths (up to 40/80/100... l)
• Need for high capacity per wavelength
• Longer distances, higher path losses, etc
When CWDM?
• Limited need for scalability in terms of wavelengths (up to 16---l)
• Limited need for high capacity per wavelength
• Shorter distances, primarily point-to-point networks

Benefits & Drawbacks with optical amplifiers
Benefits
 Extend transmission distance – Optical power that is lost in fiber, Mux/DMuxes and
add/drop filters can be regained and boost distance.
 Removes need for electrical regeneration – One amplifier can amplify multiple
wavelength channels to a lower cost than making electrical regeneration.
 Bit rate transparency.
Drawbacks
 Not possible to mix CWDM and DWDM on same fiber – The amplifier can only amplify
wavelengths within C-band or L-band. CWDM wavelengths outside these bands are blocked
 Add complexity and cost – Optical amplifiers need power balanced wavelengths which
makes bus/ring networks complex and expensive.

CWDM & DWDM
 Cooled DFB lasers provide cost-effective solutions for long-haul transport and large metro rings requiring
higher capacity
 Metro-access networks require lower cost & lower capacity system
 DWDM transceiver is typically 4 to 5 times expensive to their CWDM counterpart

 Wavelength tolerance of a DWDM laser ~ ± 0.1 nm
 Wavelength tolerance of a CWDM laser ~ ± 2-3 nm
 Packaging DWDM laser dye for temperature stabilization with peltier cooler and thermistor in a butterfly
package is more costlier
 CWDM filters are less expensive to make than DWDM filters due to the fewer no. of layers in the filter
design
 150 layers for 100 GHz filter design in DWDM

 50 layers in a 20 nm CWDM filter
 Power requirements for DWDM is higher than that for CWDM

 Power consumption of cooled DWDM ~ 4W/ Wavelength
 Power consumption of CWDM transmitter ~ 0.5 Watt
 CWDM lasers are smaller than DWDM lasers
 CWDM systems supporting 2-8 wavelengths are commercially available today

CWDM & DWDM
Proposed Grid for coarse WDM transmission

Colour SFP

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xWDM Technology

© Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2008, Proprietary Information

 B/w demand & option to increase it

 TDM, WDM & Comparison

 History & Evolution of WDM

 ITU-T wavelength grid & channel spacing

 OLTs & Transponder

 OADM & its architecture

 ROADM & its applications

 Optical Amplifier—EDFA & RAMAN AMPLIFIER

 CWDM & DWDM comparison

Band width doubles on every six to nine months

Data traffic 300% growth/year

1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005

© Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2008, Proprietary Information

Installing new fibers

Slow time to market

Faster Electronics Increasing bit rate

Expensive & Complex Electronics

Increasing the no. of wavelengths

© Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2008, Proprietary Information

 Problem with TDM is mitigated by Statistical Time Division Multiplexing

© Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2008, Proprietary Information

 Expensive and Complex Electronics TDM

Double the speed and you double the amount of dispersion.

© Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2008, Proprietary Information

Each channel is independent of other

2.5 Gb/s Fiber 30Gb/s

© Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2008, Proprietary Information

 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

 Takes synchronous & asynchronous signals

 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) WDM

 Multiple wavelength per fiber λ1

© Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2008, Proprietary Information

64 to 160 channels in 1550 nm window

16 to 40 channels in 1550 nm window

2 to 8 Channels in 1550 nm window

1980’s Two Channels WWDM (Wideband WDM)

© Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2008, Proprietary Information

 Faster (Higher Speed per Channel)

 10 Gb/sec per channel

 Thicker (More channels)

 160 channels possible today

 Longer (Link lengths before regeneration)

 A few thousands KM possible today

 160 channels at 10 Gb/sec = 1.6 Tb/sec

 25 million simultaneous phone calls

© Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2008, Proprietary Information

In terms of frequencies, the ITU channels are given by

The operating frequencies are called ITU grid frequencies ( or wavelengths)

The corresponding wavelength spacing is given by

For λ=1553.33 nm, c = 299792.458 THz.nm and Δυ =0.1 THz

© Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2008, Proprietary Information

DWDM typically use one of the following wavelength separations

© Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2008, Proprietary Information

© Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2008, Proprietary Information

© Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2008, Proprietary Information

OLTs are used at either end of a point to point link to MUX/DMUX λs

Any system/equipment that is connected to MUX/DMUX

Interface can be fixed or pluggable, optical or electrical,

© Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2008, Proprietary Information

 Acts as a “buffer” between client equipment and WDM layer:

© Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2008, Proprietary Information