PLANT

PROPAGATION
 Types

SEXUAL ASEXUAL
1 2
PROPAGATION PROPAGATION

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A. Sexual Propagation
• Most common method by which plants reproduce in nature
• Most efficient and widely used method for cultivated crops. Seeds arise
from the fusion of male and female gametes to form a single cell (zygote)
within the ovule of a flower

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Seed Germination
• Series of events which take place when dry quiescent seeds imbibe water
resulting in an increase in metabolic activity and the initiation of a
seeding from the embryo
• Resumption of embryo growth

*Epigenous germination – hypocotyl elongates and brings cotyledons above the

ground

*Hypogenous germination – epicotyl emerges and the cotyledons remain below soil
surface
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Seed Dormancy
• Physiological or physical condition of a viable seed that prevents
germination even in the presence of otherwise favorable germination
conditions

Seed Quiescene
• Condition in which seed cannot germinate because of unfavorable
condition

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Type of Dormancy
a. Primary
 Exogenous or coat-imposed dormancy – essential germination
components not available
 Endogenous dormancy – caused by environment during seed
development and maturation
b. Secondary
 Imposed by: temp, light/darkness, abnormal amount of water;
chemical and gases

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Dormancy Technology
a.Ecodormancy – due to one or more unsuitable factors in the
environment with non-specific effect
b.Paradormancy – due to physical factors or biochemical signals
originating externally to affected structure
c. Endodormancy – regulated by physiological factors inside
affected structure

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Hastening Seed Germination/ Breaking Dormancy
Scarification
• Is any treatment that removes the seed coat or alters it, making it more
permeable to water and air. This can be done mechanically by rubbing
into a rough surface or the use of chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide
and muriatic acid.
a. Physical scarification – soaking in water (tap, hot or boiling water) for a
specific period of time
b. Mechanical scarification – piercing, rubbing on sand paper, filing,
grinding with abrasives
c. Chemical scarification – treatment with sulfuric acid and organic
solvents
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Hastening Seed Germination/ Breaking Dormancy
Stratification – is the placement of seeds between layers of moist sand,
soil, or sawdust at high or low temperature so the action of water and high
and low temperature will soften the seed coat.
Vernalization – seed treatment to cold temperature prior to germination
Embryo culture – aseptically removing the embryo from the seed and
placing it in a sterilized culture medium to germinate

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B. Asexual Propagation
• Involves reproduction from vegetative parts of plants and is possible
because the vegetative organs of many plants have the capacity for
regeneration

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1. Propagation by Apomictic Embryos
 Apomixis – from the Greek Apo, meaning “away from” and mixis, which
means “mingling”
 The production of viable seeds without pollination
 Involves the development of embryos containing the same genetic
information as the mother plant and which are in effect clones
 Parthenogenesis in animals
 Reproduction of embryo without meiosis and fertilization, embryo arise
from vegetative cells within the ovule
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1. Propagation by Apomictic Embryos
Types:
 Obligate Apomitic:
- A plant which reproduce only by asexual reproduction. Ex. Lanzones,
mangosteen
 Facultative Apomitic:
- A plant which reproduce either sexually or asexually. Ex. Mango, Citrus

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2. Separation and Division
Separation – involves separating naturally detachable organs from the
mother plant
Division – procedure wherein specialized vegetative structures are cut into
sections modified organs which may be separated and / or divided:
 Bulb – a specialized underground organ consisting of a short, fleshy, usually
vertical system axis (basal plate) bearing at its apex a growing point or a flower
primordium enclosed by thick, fleshy scales. Ex. Tulips, lilies
 Bulbil – aerial plantlet formed on the axil of the leaves or flower stalk. Ex. Agave

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2. Separation and Division
 Corm – a swollen base of a stem axis enclosed by the dry scale leaves. Ex.
Banana, gladiolus, gabi
 Cormel – miniature corm which develop between old and new corms
 Crown – pan of a plant at the surface of the ground from which new shoots are
produced. Ex. Aster, Shasta daisy
 Offset – (syn. Offshoot) a characteristic type of lateral shoot or branch which
develops from the base of the main stem in certain plants (a shortened, thickened
stem of rosette-like appearance). Ex. Pistia sp.

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2. Separation and Division
 Pseudobulb – specialized storage structure consisting of an enlarged, fleshy
section of the stem made up one to several nodes. Ex. Cattleyasp
 Rhizome – a specialized structure in which the main axis of the plant grows
horizontally at or just below the ground surface. Ex. Banana, bamboo, sugarcane
 Runner – specialized stem in which develops from the axil of the left at the
crown of a plant, grows horizontally along the ground, and forms a new plant at
one of the nodes. Ex. Strawberry, black pepper
 Slip – leafy shoot originating from axillary buds borne at the base of a plant or
peduncle of the fruit. Ex. Pineapple, cabbage

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2. Separation and Division
 Stolon – special modified stem, produced by some plants, that grows horizontal
to the ground. Ex. Bermuda grass
 Sucker – adventitious shoot that arise from the underground stems below the
ground. Ex. Banana, pineapple
 Tuber – a modified stem structure which develops below the ground as a
consequence of the swelling of the subapical portion of the stolon and subsequent
accumulation of reverse materials
 Tuberous root – thickened woot which contain large amount of stored foods. Ex.
Cassava, sweet potato

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 BULB BULB COR CORM
IL M EL

PSUEDOBULB

CROW OFFSE
N T

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 RHIZO RUNNE
ME R

SLIP

SUCKE
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 TUBER

TUBEROUS
ROOT
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3. Cutting
 a portion of a stem, root. Or leaf is cut from the parent plant, after which
this plant part is place under certain favorable environmental conditions
and included to form roots and shoots, thus producing a new independent
plant.
Types:
 Root cutting – ex. Breadfruit, apple
 Stem cutting ­– types: hardwood, semi-hardwood, softwood,
herbaceous cutting. Ex. Cassava, malunggay, coffee, rose
 Leaf cutting – ex. Snakeplant, begonia, African violet
 Leaf-bed cutting – ex. Black pepper, vanilla
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4. Layering
 a propagation method by which adventitious roots are include to a form
on a stem while it is still attached to the parent plant.
Types:
a. Simple layering
b. Air layering or marcotting
c. Compound or serpentine layering
d. Mound or stool layering
e. Trench layering

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5. Grafting
 connecting parts of plants together in such a manner that they will unite
and continue their growth as one plant
a. Scion – short piece of detached shoot with one to several dormant
buds and which is to become the upper portion of graft combination
b. Rootstock – lower portion of graft which develops into the root
system of the grafted plant
c. Interstock – a piece of stem inserted between scion and rootstock (to
avoid any incompatibility between scion and rootstock and/or to take
advantage of its growth controlling properties).

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Types of Graftage
1. Approach Grafting or Inarching – selected shoots of the desirable
plant are grafted with the stem of the stock grown in individual
containers while the scions are still connected with the mother plant.
2. Topworking – this methos of grafting is usually used in changing the top
of established inferior plants into more desirable ones
3. Splice grafting – in this method, the detached scion used is leafless,
usually with terminal leaf bud or well-developed dormant bud

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Types of Graftage
4. Cleft grafting – a detached scion is directly grafted on top of the stock
as in splice grafting, except that the types of cuts used vary
5. Side grafting – in this method of grafting, the basal portion of a
detached scion is joined at the side of the trunk of the stock
6. Bark grafting – this method is especially useful in grafting a detached
scion on a stumped stock whose stem is much larger than that of the scion

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7. Budding
 an asexual propagation that like grafting, which involves joining 2 plant parts such
that the size of the scion is reduced to only one bud and a small section of bark, with
or without wood
Types of Budding:
1. Patch Budding – this type of budding is usually used in species having a thick
bark which can be separated easily from this wood
2. Shield or T-budding – this is usually made on an actively developing stem
whose bark can be readily separated from the wood
3. Chip budding – this method of budding is used where the bark of the stem
adheres closely to its wood, which may occur naturally to some species or arising
from growing conditions
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8. Inarching (approach grafting) – an asexual propagation
technique in which plants are made to unite while growing on their
roots

9. Tissue culture techniques other than embryo

culture – can be started from a variety of plant parts which have cells
capable of dividing. Ex. Shoot-tip culture; meristem culture and endosperm
culture

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