Chapter Five

COMPLEX NUMBER
 Complex Numbers

A complex number has two parts – a real

part and an imaginary part.
A complex number comes in the form
Complex number Real part
X = a + bi
Imaginary part
Example : X = 2 + 4i
Imaginary Numbers
To see a complex number we have to first
see where it shows up
Solve both of these
x 2  81  0 x 2  81  0
2
2
x  81 x  81
x   81
x  9
no solution????
Imaginary Numbers
x   81 does not have a real answer.

It has an “imaginary” answer.

To define a complex number we have to

create a new variable.

This new variable is “i” or “j”

 Example
 a) 25  i b)
25  5i 30  i 30

 c) 125  i 125  i 25  5  5i 5

 d) 3  3  i 3  i 3 98  98
e) 
 3 49 49
2
2
i
98
 1  3 i i 2
49
 3
 Example
 Solve x2 = 25
 Take the square root on both sides.
x 2  25
x 2   25
x  i 25
x  5i
 The solution set is {5i}.
Powers of “j” or “i”
Cycle of “i” 4
0
i 1 i 1
5
1
i i i i
6
2
i  1 i  1
3 7
i  i i  i
Powers of “j” or “i”

To figure out where i14 is in the cycle,

divide the exponent by 4 and look at the
remainder
14 ÷ 4 = 3 with remainder 2
So , i14 = i2 = -1
 Example
26
i
Divide the exponent by 4 and
look at the remainder.
26 ÷ 4 with remainder is 2
So, i26 = i2 = -1
Argand Diagram

Real Axis

Imaginary Axis
Argand Diagram

 2  5i .
. 2  2i

.
 4  3i
. 4  3i
Algebraic Form
Addition & Subtraction
Add or subtract the real parts, then add
or subtract the imaginary parts
 Example : Addition & Subtraction
1) (1  2i )  (3  3i ) 2) 2i  (3  i )  (2  3i )
 (1  3)  (2i  3i )  (3  2)  (2i  i  3i )
 2  5i  1 2i

3) (2  3i )  (3  7i )
 (2  3)  (3i  7i )
 1 4i
Example 1 : Argand Diagram

..
2  5i

 1 2i . 3  3i
Algebraic Form
Multiplication
Treat the i’s like variables, then change
any that are not to the first power
 Example : Scalar Multiplication
Given Z1  (2  j 4) and Z 2  (3  j )
Determine
1) 4Z1 2)  5Z 2
 4(2  j 4)  5(3  j )
 8  j16  15  j 5
 Example : Algebraic Multiplication

1)  i (3  i ) 2) (2  3i )(6  2i )
 3i  i 2  12  4i  18i  6i 2
 3i  (1)  12  22i  6(1)
 1 3i  12  22i  6
 6  22i
 Example : Algebraic Multiplication
Given Z1  (2  j 4) and Z 2  (3  j )
Determine
2) Z 2 
2
1) Z1Z 2
 (2  j 4)3  j   3  j 
2

 6  j 2  j12  j 2 4  3  j 3  j 
 6  j10   14
 9  j3  j3  j 2
 6  j10  4
 9  j 6   1
 10  j10  8  j6
Algebraic Form
Complex Conjugate:
The complex conjugate of a complex
number is obtained by changing the sign
of the imaginary part
Complex conjugate of
Z  a  bi is Z  a  bi
Example:
Complex conjugate of
Z  2  4i is Z  2  4i
Algebraic Form
Property of Complex Conjugates:
For real numbers a and b,
(a + bi)(a  bi) = a2 + b2.
Example:
Given Z  2  4i . Find Z  Z
 Z  2  4i
Therefore : Z  Z   2  4i  2  4i 
  2   4
2 2

 20
 Example : Complex Conjugate
Given Q  1  j 2 and R  3  j 4
Calculate
1) Q  R or Q  1  j 2
Q  R  1  j 2   3  j 4 R  3  j4
 4  j6
Therefore Q  R  1  j 2  3  j 4
Q  R  4  j6  4  j6
 Example : Complex Conjugate
Given Q  1  j 2 and R  3  j 4
Calculate
1) Q  R or Q  1  j 2
Q  R  1  j 2  3  j 4  R  3  j4
 3  j 4  j6  j 2 8 Q  R  1  j 2 3  j 4
 3  j10   18  3  j 4  j6  j 82

 5  j10  5  j10
Therefore
Q  R  5  j10
Algebraic Form
Division
Division of complex numbers is
achieved by multiplying both
numerator and denominator by the
complex conjugate of the denominator
.
 Example 1 : Division
3  11i
Evaluate the following
 1  2i
3  11i  1  2i  3  5i  22(1)
 
 1  2i  1  2i 1  4(1)
Conjugate of
(3  11i )(1  2i ) denominator  3  5i  22
 
(1  2i )(1  2i ) 1 4

 3  6i  11i  22i 2  25  5i
 
1  2i  2i  4i 2 5
 5  i
 Example 2 : Division
Evaluate the following
5  3i
2i
(5  3i )(2  i ) Conjugate of

(2  i )(2  i ) denominator
10  5i  6i  3i 2

4  i2
7  11i

5
7 11i
 
5 5
 Trigonometric, Polar &
exponential Form
Algebraic form: Z  a  jb

Trigonometric form : Z  r[cos   j sin  ]

Polar form : Z  r ,   or Z  r 

Exponential form : Z  re j ,  is in radian

Convert  from
degree to radian:


180
Modulus / Magnitude (r)

r is called the modulus or magnitude of Z

and is written as mod Z or Z r is
determined by using Pythagoras Theorem
on triangle OPQ
mod Z  Z  r  x 2  y 2  a 2  b 2

Q
Argument / Amplitude ( )
 is called the argument or amplitude of Z
and is written as Arg Z .
By trigonometry on triangle OPQ:
 y
Arg Z   1  tan  
1

x
Quadrant 1:   1
Quadrant 2:   180  1
Quadrant 3:   180  1
Q
Quadrant 4:   360  1
Converting from Algebraic
Form to Other Form
 Step 1 Sketch a graph of the number
 a + jb in the argand diagram.
 Step 2 Find r by using the equation
mod Z  Z  r  x 2  y 2  a 2  b 2

 Step 3 Find  by using the equation

 y 1  b 
Arg Z   1  tan    tan  
1

x a

and the quadrant indicated in

 Example : Converting
Convert Q  1  j 2 in trigonometric, polar and
exponential form.
Step 1 : Draw an argand diagram
  is in Q2
.
1 j2
 Example : Converting

Step 2: Modulus/ Magnitude

mod Z  Z  r  a 2  b 2  12  2 2  5

Step 3: Argument/ Amplitude

2
Arg Z   1  tan    tan 1 (2)  63.44
1

1
Q2:   180  1  180  63.44  116.56
 Example : Converting
Algebraic form: Z  1  j 2

Trigonometric form : Z  5[cos116.56  j sin 116.56]

Polar form : Z  5, 116.56or Z  5116 .56

Exponential form : Z  5e j 2.03

Convert  from
degree to radian:

116 .56   2.03
180
Multiplication, Division & De
Moivre’s Theorem(Power)
Trigonometric Form:
Given two complex numbers :
Z = r ( cos θ + j sin θ ) and W = p ( cos α + j sin α )
Multiplication:
Z  W  rpcos     j sin    
Divison:
Z r
 cos     j sin    
W p
De Moivre’s Theorem
Z n  r n cos n   j sin n 
 Example : Multiplication, Division
& De Moivre’s Theorem
Given Z = 2 ( cos 30° + j sin 30° ) and
W = 5 ( cos [-45°] + j sin [-45°] )
Multiplication:
Z W  25cos30   45  j sin 30  ( 45
 10cos 15  j sin  15
Divison:
Z 2
 cos30   45  j sin 30  (45
W 5
 0.4cos75  j sin 75
De Moivre’s Theorem:
Z 2  2 2 cos 230  j sin 230
 4cos 60  j sin 60
Multiplication, Division & De
Moivre’s Theorem(Power)
Polar Form:
Given two complex numbers :
Z  r ,   and W   p,  
Multiplication:
Z  W  rp,    
Divison:
Z r 
  ,    
W p 
DeMoivre’s Theorem:

Z n  r n , n 
 Example : Multiplication,
Division & De Moivre’s
Given ZTheorem
 3, 35 and W  9, 10
Multiplication:
Z W  39 , 35  10
 27, 45
Divison:
Z 3 
  , 35  10
W 9 
1 
  , 25
3 
De Moivre’s Theorem:

Z 3  33 , 335 
 27, 105
Multiplication, Division & De
Moivre’s Theorem(Power)
Exponential Form:
Given two complex numbers :
Z  re j and W  pe j
Multiplication:
Z W  rpe j   
Divison:
Z r j   
 e
W p
De Moivre’s Theorem:
n n j  n 
Z r e
 Example : Multiplication,
Division & De Moivre’s
Given ZTheorem
 10e and W  2e
j 3.5 j1.2

Multiplication:
Z  W  102e j 3.51.2 
 20e j 4.7
Divison:
Z 10 j 3.51.2 
 e
W 2
 5e j 2.3
De Moivre’s Theorem:
Z 2  10 2 e j 23.5 
 100e j 7