SPAIN AND THE PHILIPPINES IN RIZAL’S TIME

Spanish rule was imposed in the Philippines by conquest.

MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI

• He establish the first Spanish settlement in 1565 in Cebu.

 POLITICAL CONDITION
NATIONAL GOVERNMENT
Visitador – visited the country to

GOVERNOR GENERAL check the administration of the
he is the chief executive in the whole Governor General
archipelago
Residencia – lived in the
He is the head of state and church
Philippines to be observe the
He is the commander-in-chief of the
military
Governor General
He had the power of cumplace
POLITICAL CONDITION
PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT

ALCALDE MAYOR
The head in the provincial level
He had the power and responsibilities like the Governor
General but its power was limited in the province
POLITICAL CONDITION
BARRIO GOVERNMENT


CABEZA DE BARANGAY

He is the head of barangay

The Filipino was allowed to assume the position of Gobernadorcillo
and Cabeza de Barangay only and only given to Filipino male, 23
years old, educated and had a property of 500 pesos
THE SUPREMACY OF THE FRIARS OVER THE
COLONIAL GOVERNMENT

The different religious orders had the great contribution in the

establishment of Spanish Colonial government in the country.
The regular priests (Spanish priests) were able to dominate the
control in different parishes and had the power to get the
parishes from the secular (Filipino priests).
ABUSES OF THE SPANISH GOVERNMENT
OFFICIALS

The excessive powers and privileges of the governor

general made him weak and undisciplined.
The provincial government where the alcalde mayor
was the administrator, judge, military commander was
the most corrupt branch of the government.
SOCIO – CULTURAL CONDITION

 PENINSULARES – The highest class, Spanish

born in Spain and live in the Philippines
 INSULARES – Spanish born in the Philippines
 CREOLES – The third class, they are the mix
blood or combination of Spanish and Filipino
 Illustrado – The well educated Filipino
 Principalia – The land owners
 INDIOS – The last class, the unfortunate and
discriminated class in the society
FRAILOCRACY/SECULARIZATION OF FILIPINO
PRIEST

• “Frailocracy” – The
Spanish political
philosophy of union of
church and state
EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM DURING THE SPANISH
REGIME
• The religion is still the center of the educational system imposed by the
Spaniards.
• Girls and boys have separate schools and they also have different curriculums.
• The curriculum for male includes: Spanish History, Latin, Philosophy, Canon,
Civil Law, Rhetoric.
• The curriculum for females includes: Rules of courtesy, Vocal Music,
Language and Sewing
EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM DURING THE SPANISH
REGIME
• The educational system is also used to pacify the Filipinos and train them
in Catholicism and to follow laws imposed by the Spaniards
• The Department of Education during the Spanish could not also provide
enough books and other instructional materials needed for the quality
education.
• The parochial schools were established with Spanish missionaries as the
teachers.
EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM DURING THE SPANISH
REGIME
• The students were taught in the native dialects although there was a law
requiring the children to be taught in Spanish.
• Religion was the most important subject.
• At the end of the Spanish period, the University of Santo Tomas was the
only institution of university level in Manila. It was established in 1611
solely for the Spaniards and mestizos.
ECONOMIC CONDITION

To solve the issue of governance, Legazpi converted the land of the indios
into the encomienda
The word encomienda comes from the Spanish encomendar which
means “to entrust”.
The encomienda is a grant of inhabitants living in a particular conquered
territory which Spain gave to Spanish colonizer as a reward for his
services.
3 TYPES OF ENCOMIENDA

 Royal – The taxes will go to the king of Spain

 Ecclesiastical – The taxes will go to the Church

 Privado – The encomienda given to the friend of the king who
had contribution for the colonization
 They abolished the encomienda and convert the land into
haciendas
HACIENDAS OWNED BY THE FRIARS AND
SPANISH OFFICIALS

The Spanish friars belonging to different orders were the richest

landlords, for they owned the best haciendas (agricultural lands)
in the Philippines
The rural folks, who had been living these haciendas and
cultivating them generation after generation became tenants
ECONOMIC CONDITION

REDUCCION
 This policy was implemented so that the
government and parish priest could
easily monitor the natives and for the
easy convention to Catholicism
BANDALA
 The natives are obliged to sell their
products to the Spaniards
ECONOMIC CONDITION

POLO Y SERVICIOS TAXATION

 The forced labor of all Filipino males from 16 to 60
years old for 40-day periods.
 The word polo refers to community work, and the
laborer was called polista
 The only way to avoid being forced to do polo y
servicio was to pay falla
 In 1884, the forty days of forces labor was reduced to
15 days
 CEDULA – male and female 18 years old
and above will pay every year for the cedula
 Sanctorum – tax for the church
 Donation de Zamboanga – a tax
specifically used for the conquest of jolo
 Tribute – It may be paid in cash or in kind
ABANDONMENT OF MERCANTILISM

 Before the 19th century, Europe practiced mercantilism – the country’s

wealth and power can be measured in its stock of gold and silver
 It means that all trade should be conducted within a certain country and its
colonies
By the 18th and 19th century, there was a shift towards laissez faire or free
market trade – countries and their colonies began trading with one
another.