Chapter 1: The Nature of

Technology: Computer Networks

Class 6
 Starter :

• Can you identify this picture?

• Why do we use it?

 Computers around us:
• A computer is a powerful tool that we use for working and
learning.
• Connecting them together makes them more powerful and useful.
• When computers are connected, we can use them to communicate
with each other.
• We can share files and search for information on the web.
• We use networks to connect computers together.
 1.1 What is a Network?
• In offices and schools, computers are usually

connected to make a computer Network.

• Networks are complicated to set up.

• Networks are expensive to run because they need a

trained person to fix problems.

 Advantages of Network

• Communicating: We can send messages and

emails over the network.

• Sharing: We use network to share files and

expensive devices like printers.

 Advantages of Network
• Saving work: We can save files onto network storage

drives.

• It easy to share files with other people.

• You can use files on any computer on the network.

• Working together: Networks help people to work together.

 What makes a Network?
• Network Devices to send messages and files between

computers, and to store files and applications .

• Cables to join the devices together.

• Network software to make the devices work together.

• Rules that allow all the parts of a network to work

together.
 Plenary / Assessment
• What is a network?
• Have u seen a computer network?
Where?
• Give an example of network from real
life.
• Can you tell any two advantages of
using network?
 Main types of Network

• LAN: Local Area Network joins computers in a

single building.

• A LAN allows people in that building to work

together.

• A school network is an example of LAN.

Basic Structure of LAN
 Main types of Network
• WAN: Wide Area Network joins computers that are far

apart.

• An organization with offices in different cities or countries

uses a WAN so the employees can work together.

• The internet is an example of WAN.

Basic structure of WAN
 The ‘Invisible’ Network
• A school network can have 30 or more

network devices.

• It can have 10 kilometers of cable running

around the school.

• A network is big and most of the equipment

are locked away to keep it safe.

 Activity pg # 7
Web Valley Primary School has 60 network connections. The average cable used for
each connection is 50 meter long. How many meters of network cable are there in
the school?
Convert your answer to kilometer.
Written Task
• What is Network?
• Write some advantages of a network.
• What makes a network?
Written task
• Name different types of networks and
explain them.
• Draw a basic structure of LAN and
WAN.
 1.2 Network Connections
There are two ways to connect a computer in a

network.

• Wired Connection

• Wireless Connection
 Wired Connection
• If you use a cable to plug the computer into the network,

this is called a wired connection.

• A network cable connects a socket in the computer to an

identical socket on the wall.

• If you see a socket like the one in the picture, it confirms

that you in the building of LAN.

 Wireless Connection
• You can also connect to a network using a

wireless connections.

• This is also called Wi – Fi.

• Networks use a device called a wireless access

point (WAP) to provide a wireless connection.

 Wireless Connection
• If you are close to a WAP, you can connect to

a network without using a cable.

• A place where wireless connection is

available is called hotspot.

Written Task
• What is Wap?
• Name different types of network
connections and explain them.
 Using a Network Login
• To use a network, you must have a login.

• A login is made up of a user name and a password.

• Using a login keeps the network safe.

• Only people who have permission can use the

network.

• Only you can see your files on the network.

 Keep Your Password Safe
You must keep your password safe to protect your

information and your work.

• Never tell anyone your password.

• Change your password regularly.

• Choose a strong password.

 A Strong Password
• A strong password is difficult for another person to

guess.

• Use passphrase method to make a strong password.

1. Think of a short phrase that you can remember. Use

two or three short words with eight to twelve

characters in total. For example ’Ginger cats’

 A Strong Password
2. Remove the space between the words: Gingercats

3. Replace some of the letters with other characters

that look similar. For example: a 🡪 @, e 🡪 3, s 🡪 $.

4. This is your new strong password: Ging3rc@t$

5. Pak12345 p@Ic!@#$%^
 Activity pg # 9
Use the passphrase method to make a new strong
password for your login.
Written Task
• Use the passphrase method to make
a new strong password for your login.
• How can one keep their password safe.
• What is a strong password?
 1.3 Network Devices
A network needs special devices. Each device does

an important job in the network.

• Server: it is a powerful computer that provides a

service to another computer program and its

user, also known as the client.  A network uses

several servers. Each server does a different job.

 Network Devices
• Print Server: when you print a picture or a document, the

print server makes sure your file is printed correctly.

• File Server: This server makes sure your documents are

save correctly.

• Email Server: This server makes sure your emails reach the

right people.
Written task
• Define Server.
• Define the following server and briefly
describe the jobs performed by it.
– Print server
– File server
– Email server
 Switches, Hubs and Router
• Switches are like major junctions in a road traffic

system.

• When you send a message, a switch decides which

cable the data needs to travel down to reach the right

destination.

• A hub is a type of switch.

• A router connects a network to the internet.

Difference between Hub and switch

Hub Switch

It functions in a physical layer. It functions in the data link layer.

Hub does not allow packet filtering. Switch allows packet switching.
There can be 4 ports in Hub. 24 to 28 ports contained by a
Switch.
Written task
• Define Routers
• List 2 differences between hub and
switch.
 How do network devices work?

The devices in a network work together to get a job done. Here

is what happens if you send an email from your school to your

The router sends
home. Your email reaches
the email to the
your home.
You press ‘Send’ internet.

Your computer The switch send The email server

sends the email the email to the send the email
to a switch. email server. to the router.
Written task
• Draw a block diagram to show how the
devices in a network work together?
• Extra challenge pg # 11
 Where are network devices stored?

• Network devices are usually stored in a locked

room called a server room.

• They are stored in metal cabinets.

• Sometimes they are stored in small cabinets in

classrooms.
 Software and Protocols
Two more things are needed to make a network work.

• Software is used to make sure the network runs properly. For

example, network software is used to set up user logins.

• The whole network must follow rules so that jobs are done in

the correct order. These rules are called protocols.

 Software and Protocols
Two more things are needed to make a network work.

• Software is the programs, or instructions, that tell the hardware

what to do however A protocol is a set of rules and guidelines for

communicating data. Rules are defined for each step and process

during communication between two or more computers. Networks

have to follow these rules to successfully transmit data.

Written Task
• List differences and similarity between
software and protocols.
 Activity pg # 11

Find the clues in your school that tell you the school
has network.
List down those clues, take photos or make drawings as
evidence.
 1.4 The Internet
The Internet is a world wide network that connects computer across the
world.it is the biggest network in the world. It is not owned or controlled by
a single person or organization.

Uses:
– Communication
– Share things with other people
– good source of entertainment
– excellent place to do business

Cons:
– Addiction, time-waster, and causes distractions
– Bullying, trolls, stalkers, and crime. ...
– Spam and advertising. ...
– Never being able to disconnect from work. ...
– Identity theft, hacking, viruses, and cheating.
 Internet Services
• The world wide page: The made of all the web pages in the world.

• Email and chat: Ways of sending messages and content to people you

know.

• Video conferencing: People across the world can meet as if they

were in the same room.

• Streaming: Games, music and videos can be played on your local

device without being downloaded first.

World Wide Web
• www is the part of the internet .Web is all websites, we use web

browser to surf web pages and search engine to search web

sites.

• It is a powerful tool every webpage is connected to other

webpage this links are called hyperlink. These connected links

look like a big spider web.

Smart devices
• Smart devices are interactive electronic gadgets that
understand simple commands sent by users and help in daily
activities. It can also connected to internet. Some of the
most commonly used smart devices are smartphones,
tablets, phablets, smartwatches, smart glasses and other
personal electronics.
• Many home devices are connected to the internet example:
Home security system can send a warning to your smart
phones if sensors detect sound or movement in your home
while you are out. You can use your smart phone to control
• Air condition or heating system to control the temperature.
Extra challenge Pg # 13
Written task
• Test pg # 18
• Activity 1 ,2 and 3 pg # 19
1.5 The changing world of work
• Internet has changed the world .New jobs appeared like game developer,
network manager, web designer
• Automation and robots have low-skilled jobs as jobs change people need to
learn new skills which is exciting for some as well as nightmare for some too.

–Based on the nature and type of these jobs, here is a rundown of the jobs that
AI machines are most likely to perform in the future:
Customer service executives
Bookkeeping and data entry
Receptionists
Proofreading
Manufacturing
Courier services
Security guards
– Human creativity knows no limits. Strategic thinking, thought 
leadership, conflict resolution and negotiation, emotional intelligence,
and empathy are qualities in jobs that AI cannot replace at any point
in time.
– Following are some of the professions which would stand the test of
time:
 Human resource managers
 Writers
 Lawyers
 Chief executives
 Scientists
 Event planners
 Graphic designers
 Software developers
• The internet make it easier to find jobs
too. There are many websites that
advertise job vacancies.
Teleworking
• Earlier people needs to travel to office and factories every day to do there
work. The internet allow people to communicate using email, chat and video
conferencing. This mean people can work from home this is called
teleworking, people don’t have to travel so much.
• Pros:
– It allows you to work from anywhere.
– we will normally work in environments much more suited to our tastes such as, for
example, our own home-office. We will be able to set our workspace according to
our needs, which directly influences our wellbeing and concentration during the
working day.
– we used to spend commuting or travelling by car or bus to our office, company or
business has been considerably reduced. Now all we have to do is switch on the
computer, connect to the Internet and we can work directly from home. All the
time we used to spend commuting to the office can be spent on other tasks.
• Cons:
– employees of not coming to the office, which can be caused by working remotely, is
the loss of connection, bond, motivation and enthusiasm for the company. After all,
we are social and emotional people, and the fact that our only interaction with
work is through technological devices can have a negative influence on our sense of
belonging.
– company managers cannot measure accurately the hours spent on a task by their
employees. For example, a company that is dedicated to customer service, by
providing it from home, the manager cannot control one hundred percent how the
service has been delivered by his workers.
– Reduction of learning. With remote working, employees may end up performing
more routine functions. Without collaborative or group learning, the professional
can become stagnant in his or her job growth and learning process.
Written task
• Define the term teleworking along with
its pros and cons.
• Write two real life examples where
automation has replaced the manual
jobs.
Explore more pg # 15
1.6 Living with the Internet
Bright Sides of internet
–  LEARNING: – Internet has played the most important role in education, nowadays people are studying
anything sitting at home, even many websites provide online certificates. 
– E-COMMERCE: –All business which is done through internet is called E-commerce such as Transaction
of Money, Online Shopping etc. So, the biggest bright side of internet is that you can run your business
through internet. 
–  INFORMATION SHARING: –through internet, we can search different types of information like
education related information, market demand and supply, government rules and regulations. You can
find latest daily news. 
– BILL PAYMENT, MONEY TRANSFERS AND SHOPPING: – Another advantage of internet is that you can
pay bills like electricity, house rent, restaurant bill etc. through various UPI apps like paytm, Google pay,
phone pay and many more. All these apps need internet to work. Also, you can do online shopping
through internet with the help of many online sites like Amazon, Flipkart, myantra, Snap deal etc. 
– COMMUNICATION: – You can share your information or can communicate to anyone at anywhere
through internet with the help of social networking like Facebook, Instagram, Whatsapp, Skype and
many more. 
– ONLINE BUSINESS PROMOTION: –Since the time the Internet has come, we can promote our business
through the Internet all over the world. Earlier, when we did not have internet, we used to give in the
newspaper for the promotion of our business which was also a bit expensive and it used to be
promoted in a fixed area only but now you can do your business all over the world through any online
website  
1.6 Living with the Internet
Dark Sides of internet
– SPAM EMAILS, ADVERTISEMENT: –Some companies access our personal data such as email, account number
etc. through the Internet. And then send us mail and say that you have won this thing, for this you to pay so much
money, which cheats money by making people wise.
– 2)    TIME LOSS: – Now days, People using their most of the times on social networking sites like Facebook,
Instagram, Whatsapp etc. It is not wrong to spend time on social networking but it is wrong to spend more time
than necessary. Many people have become addicted to social networking; they are not able to live even a moment
without internet.
–  3)    CYBER CRIME: –For this work they use computers. Criminals who do these illegal activities are also called
hackers or crackers by many people. Cybercrime is also called computer crime by many people. There are many
types of cybercrime are online bank information theft, identity theft, child pornography and unauthorized computer
access etc.
–  4)    INCREASE IN GREENHOUSE GASES:-More use of internet increase the level of greenhouse gases like carbon
dioxide, nitrous oxide etc. because use of internet can generate electromagnetic radiations. This can harm your
health.
–  5)    AFFECTS THINKING ABILITY: –A major disadvantage of the Internet is that it affects the thinking ability of a
human being because due to all the information easily available on the Internet, man does not try to think much and
is becoming lazy.
–  6)    AFFECTS ON HEALTH: –Excessive use or excessive use of the Internet has a great impact on our health, such
as weakening of the eyes, mental imbalance, obesity, and stress etc.
1.6 Living with the Internet
CONCLUSION:-Thus, use of internet is not bad but excessive and
negative use of internet is not good. So use internet properly and
don’t do any cyber crime, fraud etc.
1.6 Living with the Internet
• E-safety
– Protect Your Personal Information With Strong Password
• When creating a new password, pay attention to strong password requirements.
• Change your passwords often.
• Don’t share your passwords with other people.
• Don’t use common, easily guessable passwords.

– Keep Personal Information Private

• When you sign up for something online, read the terms and conditions.
• Never enter your financial information on a website that isn’t secure.

– Make Sure Your Devices Are Secure

• Utilize passwords and other security options like fingerprint readers and face scanning
technology. One report stated that 30% of smartphone users didn’t use 
passwords, screen locks or other security features to lock their phones.
• Secure all devices, including computers, phones, tablets and devices like smartwatches and
smart TVs.
1.6 Living with the Internet
• E-safety
– Pay Attention to Software Updates
• Promptly install software updates, especially when they include important security
upgrades.
• Set up automatic updates on your devices so you never miss one!

– Be Careful About Wifi

• Do not trust public wifi security. Avoid connecting to unsecured public wifi networks.
• Make sure your own wifi networks are protected with strong passwords.
• Remember tip #1 and change your wifi password frequently.

– Back Up Your Personal Data

• Back up important personal information on external hard drives.
• Create new back-ups regularly.
Written task
• Write 2 bright and dark effects of
internet.
• Suggest3 guidelines of e-safety.
• Pg # 17
Pg # 17