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Language
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 What is a Language?
Basically Language is a
communication medium, with
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the help of which one can
express their feelings, needs,
etc.,.
 English Language
Here Particularly we are
talking about English
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language, because we are
here to learn it.
 English Language
We know English, but, up to
what extent?
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The answer is, to a very little
extent.
 Story of Blind men and the Elephant

American poet John Godfrey Saxe

(1816-1887)
It was six men of Indostan
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To learning much inclined,
Who went to see the Elephant
(Though all of them were blind),
That each by observation
Might satisfy his mind
 Story of Blind men and the Elephant
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 Story of Blind men and the Elephant

The First approached the Elephant,

And happening to fall
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Against his broad and sturdy side,
At once began to bawl:
“God bless me! but the Elephant
Is very like a wall!”
 Story of Blind men and the Elephant
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 Story of Blind men and the Elephant

The Second, feeling of the tusk,

Cried, “Ho! what have we here
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So very round and smooth and sharp?
To me This mighty clear
This wonder of an Elephant
Is very like a spear!”
 Story of Blind men and the Elephant
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 Story of Blind men and the Elephant

The Third approached the animal,

And happening to take
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The squirming trunk within his hands,
Thus boldly up and spake:
“I see,” quoth he, “the Elephant
Is very like a snake!”
 Story of Blind men and the Elephant
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 Story of Blind men and the Elephant

The Fourth reached out an eager hand,

And felt about the knee.
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“What most this wondrous beast is like
Is mighty plain,” quoth he;
“ ‘This clear enough the Elephant
Is very like a tree!”
 Story of Blind men and the Elephant
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 Story of Blind men and the Elephant

The Fifth, who chanced to touch the ear,

Said: “Even the blindest man
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Can tell what this resembles most;
Deny the fact who can
This marvel of an Elephant
Is very like a fan!”
 Story of Blind men and the Elephant
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 Story of Blind men and the Elephant

The Sixth no sooner had begun

About the beast to grope,
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Than, seizing on the swinging tail
That fell within his scope,
“I see,” quoth he, “the Elephant
Is very like a rope!”
 Story of Blind men and the Elephant
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 Story of Blind men and the Elephant

And so these men of Indostan

Disputed loud and long,
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Each in his own opinion
Exceeding stiff and strong,
Though each was partly in the right,
And all were in the wrong!
 Story of Blind men and the Elephant
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 Story of Blind men and the Elephant

Moral
Without knowing completely
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about any subject, don’t take any
partial conclusion that we know
all about it.
 Story of Blind men and the Elephant
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 Definition of Language

Language is a code that we

learn to use in order to
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communicate ideas and
express our wants and needs.
Reading, writing, speaking,
and some gesture systems are
all forms of language.
 What is the way for learning any
Language ?
There are two ways for
learning any language
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1) Natural way
2) Methodological way
 Ways of Learning Language
Natural way:
Effort less – Internal effort
This depends upon the
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environment
Methodological way:
With Effort – External effort
This depends upon the will
power of a power person
 What is the way of learning of a
child ?
The way of learning of a child is
Natural one, because it is his basic
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requirement, and hence no
shyness, no feeling of shame, no
any fear of mistake, single pointed
concentration as no other activities.
So internal effort with be 100% and
hence learning will be fast
 What is the way of learning of an Adult ?
The way of learning of an Adult is
Methodological one, though it may
be his basic requirement, he/she
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has shyness, feeling of shame, fear
of mistake, ego, no single pointed
concentration as there are many
other activities in mind. So internal
effort with be less and hence
learning will be slow.
 Role of a Teacher
Teacher plays very important role for
any person any thing to be learnt.
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Teacher is a coach, who himself can’t

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play a role of student. He will guide,
direct, prepare him/her.
But effort of student (pupil) is
important, because student has to
appear for test, exam or face
practical difficulty .
 Advantages of Computer Orientation
1. Concentration of student
2. Complete subject details with Pictures
& Graphics.
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3. No question of skipping parts of subject
by teacher.
4. Comparison and confirmation of subject
matter by student as he/she read and
listen the subject matter together &
5. Repetition of subject matter is possible.
 What is Grammar ?
Grammar is the system of a
language. People sometimes
describe grammar as the "rules" of a
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language; but in fact no language has
rules*. If we use the word "rules", we
suggest that somebody created the
rules first and then spoke the
language, like a new game. But
languages did not start like that.
 What is Grammar ?
Languages started by people
making sounds which evolved into
words, phrases and sentences. No
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commonly-spoken language is
fixed. All languages change over
time. What we call "grammar" is
simply a reflection of a language at
a particular time.
 What is Grammar ?
Think of grammar as something
good, something positive,
something that you can use to find
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your way - like a signpost or a
map.
 What is Grammar ?

And finally, as grammar has

rules and regulation, it is a
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science of a language.
 Why definition?
It is our normal practice that
anything we come across with,
should be explained with rules so
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that, explaining about that item
should be easy. As rules are fixed
and definite, any thing can be
given a specific boundary This
this explanation of item with rule is
called definition.
 Science & definition

Science always tries to define

the things. As an example if you
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ask a scientist to define a cloud

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he will try to define it, because
next time explaining about that
should not be a problem.
 Is it necessary to study Grammar ?
Do we need to study grammar to
learn a language? The short
answer is "no". Many people in the
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world speak their own, native
language without having studied
its grammar. Children start to
speak before they even know the
word "grammar".
 Is it necessary to study Grammar ?
But if you are serious about
learning a foreign language, the
long answer is "yes", grammar can
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help you to learn a language more
quickly and more efficiently." It's
important to think of grammar as
something that can help you, like a
friend.
 Is it necessary to study Grammar ?
When you understand the
grammar (or system) of a
language, you can understand
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many things yourself, without
having to ask a teacher or look in
a book.
 When and Why Language Grammar ?
When learning method is
methodological one then we need
grammar and when we go for advance
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writing. Because Grammar will be
having all the rules and regulations for
proper writing and speaking which we
cannot learn totally in natural way,
Natural way sometimes fulfills general
requirement, but accelerates artificial
learning
 Which factor effects the Natural
learning?
Environment is the factor which
effects the natural learning. This is
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the reason why all of us demand
good environment for proper growth.
If a person gets proper environment
earlier in life (childhood), his growth
will be better, which boosts his
learning capacity further in his life.
 Measurement of learning capacity
You might have heard that someone
says, I put some much effort in my
examination but I could not pass.
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Here we each of us have different
measuring units for our learning
capacity. One should have a
standard measuring method then
only one will come to know about
their learning capacity.
 Measurement of learning capacity
As we know that examinations are
conducted as per the capacity of a
normal as well as high capacity
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students. This is the reason why one
should prepare as per the normal
and high capacity students. One
must be in a position to check
himself that, what is his own
position, whether he or she is dull,
normal or high capacity student.
 Learning capacity can be increased
A dull student should bear in
mind that, they should not think
that he/she has no any capacity
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to learn, Most of the times we
will be having capacity, but
because of environment effect,
laziness, less awareness we feel
that we are not able to learn.
 Learning capacity can be increased
But god has given equal
capacity to learn all of us. And
how you are going to utilizes
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it depends upon you.
Continuous effort & interest
are the main keys.
 Mode of communication
through Language
There are two modes
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Written and Spoken
 Any difference between Written &
Spoken Language?
Yes or No.?
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Yes, there are many
differences between written
and spoken language
 Written & Spoken

The mode is the medium of

communication, which divides
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fundamentally into speech and

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writing. These are in fact very
different communications
systems which are used to
convey different forms of a
single language.
 Written & Spoken

While the spoken mode is

coded in sounds the written
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mode is coded in symbols and

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the two different coding each
bring with them significant
features.
 Written & Spoken

However, many people

imagine spoken and written
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English are closely related

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notions. Close examination
reveals that there are as many
differences as there are
connections
 Written & Spoken
Speech Writing
Pauses Punctuation
(.,;:-)
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 Written & Spoken
Speech Writing
Hesitation Punctuation
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(- ...)

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 Speech Writing
Fillers usually omitted
but can be
speech forms
expressed in
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like umm,
written speech
ah,huh,oh
as "er” “ah”
 Speech Writing
Non fluency usually omitted
features but can be
expressed in
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written speech
as "er" or
punctuation
(- ...)
 Speech Writing
Expression of conventional
emotions forms - "aagh!"
"grr!" “wow!"
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including use of
exclamation
mark, italics
and bold
 Speech Writing
Grammatical Fewer
errors
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 Speech Writing
Incomplete Rare,
syntax expressed as
"..."
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 Speech Writing
Instant Long delays in
feedback conventional
print, faster in
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newspapers,
faster again in
online discussion
groups and
nearly instant in
chat rooms
 Speech Writing
Phonology layout,
typography
(the study of
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sounds in
language )
 Speech Writing
Pronunciation Spelling
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 Speech Writing
Accent Spelling
particular (esp.
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local or national)
mode of
pronunciation.
 Speech Writing
Dialect Vocabulary
1) regional form
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of speech.
2) variety of
language with
non-standard
vocabulary,
pronunciation, or
 Speech Writing
Not well defined Less common.
sentence Sentences
structure generally well
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defined with
punctuation
defining
clauses.
 Speech Writing
Seamless topic Topic change
change by sentence or
paragraph
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 English Alphabets
In English there are 26
alphabets
( 5 vowels & 21 consonants)
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A, E, I, O U vowels can be
pronounce independently, A and
I makes up words by
themselves. The World
EDUCATION has all vowels in it.
 English Alphabets
But consonants can’t be
pronounce without the help of
vowels.
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Y sometimes works like a
vowel, E.g. by, try, sky, dry,
 English & Indian Languages
The scripts of Indian languages
are strictly phonetic
(corresponding to pronunciation)
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There is "perfect matching"
between the spoken and written
forms of words.
The English script is basically
not phonetic, & hence
"mismatch"
 Spelling Pattern & pronunciation
There is no uniform pattern of
spelling in English. There is no
logic in the spelling of words like
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grammar, colour and rough.
A majority of words in English
are borrowed from other
languages.Pronunciation tends
to change from time to time and
 Spelling Pattern & pronunciation
English has a separate
phonetic script. It records in
writing how words are
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pronounced. Advanced
dictionaries indicate in the
phonetic script how each
word is pronounced, along
with its spelling
 Spelling Pattern &a pronunciation
See how the same letter or
combination of letters is
pronounced differently in English.
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allow,
all,
arrow,
age.
 Spelling Pattern &a pronunciation
See how the same letter or
combination of letters is
pronounced differently in English.
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rough
sound
wound
 Spelling Pattern &a pronunciation
See how the same letter or
combination of letters is
pronounced differently in English.
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though
through
 Spelling Pattern &a pronunciation
See how the same letter or
combination of letters is
pronounced differently in English.
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kitchen
machine
 Spelling Pattern &a pronunciation
See how the same letter or
combination of letters is
pronounced differently in English.
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cut
cinema
 Spelling Pattern &a pronunciation
See how the same letter or
combination of letters is
pronounced differently in English.
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cut
cute
put
 Spelling Pattern &a pronunciation
See how the same letter or
combination of letters is
pronounced differently in English.
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give
generate
 Spelling Pattern &a pronunciation
See how the same letter or
combination of letters is
pronounced differently in English.
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her
hell
 Spelling Pattern &a pronunciation
See how the same letter or
combination of letters is
pronounced differently in English.
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head
heal
 Silent letters
Some letters are not pronounced
in some words,
though they are written. They are
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"silent." Examples:
write, pneumonia, psalm; scene,
sign. Colonel, answer
 Silent letters
“A” Silent Words
Caesar (Roman King)
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Haemoglobin (Red corpuscle cells)
 Silent letters
“B” Silent Words
Crumbs (small pieces of bread etc)
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Indebted (to be give amount etc.)

Plumber (tap repairer)

Succumb (get defeated or die)

 Silent letters
“C” Silent Words
Sceptre (state punishment)
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Scissors
 Silent letters
“D” Silent Words
Budget
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Bridge

Midget
 Silent letters
“G” Silent Words
Benign (harmless, sympathetic)
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Design

Malign (name spoiling)

 Silent letters
“H” Silent Words
Honorary (non-payment )
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Honorarium (small fees in respect
some service)
 Silent letters
“K” Silent Words
Knife
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Knock

Knuckle (Finger joint)

 Silent letters
“L” Silent Words
Alms (donation of money or food)
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Balm (pain killer)
 Silent letters
“P” Silent Words
Psyche (sole, mind or mental)
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Psychiatrist (mental doctor)
 Silent letters
“T” Silent Words
Tsar (Russian ruler)
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Fasten (tight together)

Nestle (hugging affectionately)

 Silent letters
“R” Silent Words
Iron (gray metal, pressing tool)
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World (The earth)
 Silent letters
“W” Silent Words
Wrath (extreme anger)
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Wrap (enclose)

Wreck (break, broken)

 Word Practice
absence
accommodate
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acquaintance

accessible
aeroplane
 Word Practice
arithmetic

argument
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benefit
bureau
career
 Word Practice
ceiling
changeable
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coolly
connoisseur
conscience
 Word Practice
committee
category
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corollary
definite
development
 Word Practice
description
dilemma
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desirable
disease
decease
 Word Practice
drunkenness
disappear
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discriminate
disciple
discipline
 Word Practice
dissipate
ecstasy
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exhilaration
exceed
embarrassment
existence
 Opposite Words
above : below
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 Opposite Words
abridge : expand
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 Opposite Words
absent : present
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 Opposite Words
Add : subtract
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 Opposite Words
accept : reject
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 Opposite Words
acquit : convict
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 Opposite Words
alive : dead
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 Opposite Words
all : none
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 Opposite Words
after : before
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 Opposite Words
always : never
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 Opposite Words
ancient : modern
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 Opposite Words
arrival : departure
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 Opposite Words
artificial : natural
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 Opposite Words
ascend : descend
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 Opposite Words
asleep : awake
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 Opposite Words
attack : defend
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 Opposite Words
backward: forward
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 Opposite Words by prefixing
Opposites of some words are
formed by prefixing dis, il, im, ir,
non and un..
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advantage disadvantage
 Opposite Words by prefixing
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legal illegal
 Opposite Words by prefixing
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ability inability
 Opposite Words by prefixing
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Mortal : immortal
 Opposite Words by prefixing
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Regular : irregular
 Opposite Words by prefixing
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Official : unofficial
 Opposite Words by prefixing
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Civilised : uncivilised
 Opposite Words by prefixing
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Natural : unnatural
 Opposite Words by prefixing
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co-operation: non co-operation
 Opposite Words by prefixing
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Sense : nonsense
 Opposite Words by prefixing
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noble : ignoble
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words by prefixing
dis
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advantage disadvantage
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words by prefixing
dis
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agree disagree
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words by prefixing
dis
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allow disallow
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words by prefixing
dis
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believe disbelieve
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words by prefixing
dis
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comfort discomfort
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words by prefixing
dis
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courage discourage
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words by prefixing
dis
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honest dishonest
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words by prefixing
dis
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loyal disloyal
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words by prefixing
dis
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order disorder
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words by prefixing
dis
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satisfy dissatisfy
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words by prefixing
dis
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trust distrust
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words by prefixing
dis
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appear disappear
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words by prefixing
dis
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approve disapprove
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words by prefixing
dis
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connect disconnect
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words by prefixing
dis
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continue discontinue
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words by prefixing
dis
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honour dishonour
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words by prefixing
dis
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obey disobey
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words by prefixing
dis
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please displease
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words by prefixing
iI.
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qualify disqualify
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words by prefixing
iI.
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Legal illegal
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words by prefixing
iI.
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legible illegible
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words by prefixing
iI.
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Legitimate illegitimate
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words by prefixing
iI.
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literate illiterate
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words by prefixing
iI.
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Literacy illiteracy
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words by prefixing
iI.
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logical illogical
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing im.
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mature immature
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing im.
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memorial immemorial
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing im.
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moral immoral
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing im.
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movable immovable
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing im.
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patient impatient
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing im.
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perfect imperfect
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing im.
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pure impure
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing im.
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practicable impracticable
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing im.
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mobile immobile
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing im.
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modest immodest
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing im.
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partial impartial
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing im.
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possible impossible
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing im.
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perishable imperishable
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing im.
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pertinent impertinent
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing im.
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probable improbable
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing im.
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proper improper
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing in.
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ability inability
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing in.
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accurate inaccurate
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing in.
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adequate inadequate
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing in.
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applicable inapplicable
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing in.
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auspicious inauspicious
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing in.
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consistent inconsistent
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing in.
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definite indefinite
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing in.
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digestion indigestion
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing in.
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equality inequality
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing in.
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efficient inefficient
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing in.
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gratitude ingratitude
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing in.
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justice injustice
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing in.
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solvent insolvent
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing in.
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tolerant intolerant
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing ir.
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Rational irrational
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing ir.
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recoverable irrecoverable
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing ir.
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Repairable irreparable
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing ir.
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responsible irresponsible
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing ir.
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Regular irregular
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing ir.
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relevant irrelevant
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing ir.
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Resolute irresolute
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing ir.
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reversible irreversible
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing non.
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domestic Non-domestic
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing non.
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essential Non-essential
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing non.
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intervention Non-intervention
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing non.
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co-operation Non-co-operation
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing non.
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interference Non-interference
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing non.
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performance Non-performance
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing non.
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payment Non-payment
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing non.
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violence Non- violence
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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able unable
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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authorised unauthorised
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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certain uncertain
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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comfortable uncomfortable
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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cultured uncultured
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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decided undecided
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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divided undivided
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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digested undigested
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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equal unequal
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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fair unfair
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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fortunate unfortunate
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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grateful ungrateful
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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invited uninvited
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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just unjust
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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like unlike
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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lucky unlucky
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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bearable unbearable
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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beaten unbeaten
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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concern unconcern
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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conscious unconscious
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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deserving undeserving
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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desirable undesirable
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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educated uneducated
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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even uneven
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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favourable unfavourable
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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familiar unfamiliar
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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happy unhappy
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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healthy unhealthy
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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kind unkind
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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lawful unlawful
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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opposed unopposed
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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necessary unnecessary
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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orthodox unorthodox
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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patriotic unpatriotic
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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pleasant unpleasant
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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popular unpopular
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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reliable unreliable
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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reasonable unreasonable
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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usual unusual
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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willing unwilling
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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pardonable unpardonable
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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parliamentary unparliamentary
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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principled unprincipled
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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questionable unquestionable
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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safe unsafe
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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steady unsteady
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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usually unusually
 Opposite Words by prefixing
Form opposite words
prefixing un.
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manageable unmanageable
 Rhyming words
Words ending with the same
sound are called Rhyming words.
Rhyme means "similar sound."
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They are used in poetry
addition
condition
edition
partition.
action
 Rhyming words

ant
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pant
chant
plant
slant
 Rhyming words

bat
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mat
rat
sat
hat
 Rhyming words

book
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cook
look
took
hook
 Rhyming words

collect
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select
elect
defect
connect
 Rhyming words

cure
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failure
lure
pure
sure
 Rhyming words

dot
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cot
hot
pot
lot
 Rhyming words

dump
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hump
jump
slump
pump
 Rhyming words

Director
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actor
collector
operator
tractor
 Rhyming words

eight
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night
right
sight
cite
 Rhyming words

end
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lend
mend
send
spend
 Rhyming words

fish
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bush
dish
push
wish
 Rhyming words

gain
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main
pain
rain
train
 Rhyming words

hole
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sale
pole
role
whore
 Rhyming words

ink
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clink
pink
sink
wink
 Rhyming words

jam
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dam
ram
swam
scam
 Rhyming words

late
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date
fate
hate
slate
 Rhyming words

Market
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pocket
racket
rocket
ticket
 Rhyming words

need
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deed
read
seed
feed
 Rhyming words

omission
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commission
decision
operation
narration
 Rhyming words

produce
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Reduce
refuse
profuse
diffuse
 Rhyming words

power
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cover
favour
tower
never
 Rhyming words

sought
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caught
knot
ought
fought
 Rhyming words

sin
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pin
chin
kin
win
 Rhyming words

simple
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ample
ankle
temple
twinkle
 Rhyming words

take
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cake
fake
make
wake
 Rhyming words

telephone
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megaphone
tone
lone
bone
 Rhyming words

umbrella
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cindrella
 Rhyming words

van
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ban
fan
man
ran
 Rhyming words

wood
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could
good
food
would
 Rhyming words

yard
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card
chord
award
reward
 words used in certain Contexts.
Another important and
interesting way to improve
your vocabulary is to learn the
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particular words used in
certain Contexts
 words used in certain Contexts.
Places where games are played
Badminton : court
Hockey : field
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tennis : court
skating : ring
Football : ground
Boxing : ring
Caroms : board
Cricket : ground
 words used in certain Contexts.
Animals and their homes
Bird : nest
Cow : shed
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Dog : kennel
Snake : hole
Horse : stable
Lion : den
Spider : web
Sheep : pen
 words used in certain Contexts.
Animals and their young ones
Bear : cub.
Cat : kitten.
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Cow : calf.
Dog : puppy.
Pig : piglet.
Goat : kid
Hen : chicken
Horse : colt, filly,
 words used in certain Contexts.
Animals and their young ones
Sheep : lamb
Frog : tadpole
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Lion : cub.
Tiger : cub.
 words used in certain Contexts.
Sounds of objects:
Coins : clink
Clouds : thunder.
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Hands : clap.
Engines : whistle
Wheels : rattle.
Steam : hisses.
Clocks : tick.
Leaves : rustle.
 words used in certain Contexts.
Animals and their sounds
An ass brays.
A bird chirps.
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A frog croaks.
A lark sings
A bull bellows.
A sheep bleats.
A dog barks.
A cock crows.
 words used in certain Contexts.
Animals and their sounds
A lion roars.
A horse neighs.
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A bee hums.
A tiger growls
A parrot talks.
A fly buzzes
A snake hisses.
A crow caws.
 words used in certain Contexts.
Groups or collections
An army of soldiers
A bunch of flowers
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A class of students.
A flock of sheep.
A gang of robbers
A crowd of people
A heap of stones
A herd of cattle
 words used in certain Contexts.
Groups or collections
A library of books;
A bunch of flowers
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A set of tools.
A team of players
A fleet of ships
 words used in certain Contexts.
Few nouns are always used in Singular
The English alphabet has 26 letters
All our furniture is made of teak
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The first innings is over
What is the latest news
Poetry is an art
Physics is a branch of science
Politics has become dirty these days
Mathematics is an interesting subject
 Words often confused
and misused

Accept: Please accept my advice

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Except: All except him visited
his house
 Words often confused
and misused

Access: I had an easy access

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to the officer.
Excess: Excess of everything
is bad.
 Words often confused
and misused
Admit: He admitted that he had
been a nuisance.
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Acknowledge: I acknowledge
the receipt of your envelope
Confess: He confessed his
fault
 Words often confused
and misused
Advice: Your advice has been
very much useful.
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Advise: He advised me to help
the poor and the needy
 Words often confused
and misused
Allowed: He is allowed to visit
the museum
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Aloud: Please utter this word
aloud
 Words often confused
and misused
Altar: They made offerings at
the altar.
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Alter: We can't alter this
scheme
 Words often confused
and misused
Angle: Draw a right angle
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Angel: The Angel visited the
homes of the mortals
 Words often confused
and misused
Ascent: They had to confront a steep
ascent while climbing the Everest.
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Assent: The President has
given his assent to the Bill.
 Words often confused
and misused
Bare. He walked barefooted.
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Bear (verb) : I can't bear the
brunt of it
Bear (noun) : I saw a bear in
the forest
 Words often confused
and misused
Bail: None offered a bail for
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him

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Bale: Bales of cotton lay there
 Words often confused
and misused
Berth: Two berths have
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been reserved for you

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Birth: She gave birth to a son
 Words often confused
and misused
Blew: He blew a whistle
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there

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Blue: My coat is blue in colour
 Words often confused
and misused

Bore: They have bore-well in

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their house.
Boar: I saw a boar in the jungle
 Words often confused
and misused
Brake: He applied the
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brakes and the bus stopped

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Break: Don't break the
window-pane
 Words often confused
and misused
Bridal:The bridal procession
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moved on

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Bridle: The bridle of the
horse is in my hand
 Words often confused
and misused
Canon : It is difficult to move
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against the canons of ethics

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Cannon: The cannon fire
continued for a little while
 Words often confused
and misused
Caste:What is your caste?
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Cast:They were cast into the well

Cast:They cast their vote.

Cast:He does casting work.
 Words often confused
and misused
Cattle: The cattle were
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grazing in the open

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Kettle: Boil water in the
kettle
 Words often confused
and misused
Check: I have to check the
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accounts

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Cheque : Get this cheque
encashed
 Words often confused
and misused
Deceased: The name of the
deceased persons were
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recorded

Diseased: He met his

diseased uncle yesterday
 Words often confused
and misused
Deer: The deer roamed about
in the field
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Dear : How can I part with
my dear aunt?
 Words often confused
and misused
Deer: The deer roamed about
in the field
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Dear : How can I part with
my dear aunt?
 Words often confused
and misused
Descent : He claimed descent
from an imperial dynasty
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Decent : You are indeed a
decent fellow
Dissent : Don't dissent from
our views
 Words often confused
and misused
Device :Never use a clever
device to cheat others
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Device: it is a special device
attached
Dissent : Don't dissent from
our views
 Words often confused
and misused
Differ : I will never differ from
you
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Defer : I am ready to defer
payment
 Words often confused
and misused
Diary: I have lost my diary
today.
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Dairy: Open a dairy farm.
 Words often confused
and misused
Doze: He is dozing and
appears to be fast asleep.
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Dose: A dose of medicine will
do
 Words often confused
and misused
Duel: I saw the bloody duel
between the opponents.
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Dual : It is a dual approach.
 Words often confused
and misused
Dye: Dye my, clothes red.
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Die: Everyone must die.
 Words often confused
and misused
Envelop: The smoke screen
soon enveloped the building.
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Envelope: Bring me an
envelope from the post office.
 Words often confused
and misused
Enviable: He has an enviable
position now.
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Envious: I am not envious of
you.
 Words often confused
and misused
Farmer : I came across a
farmer.
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Former : Mohan is weak and
Sohan is strong. The former is
more intelligent than the latter
 Words often confused
and misused
Feet : A peacock has beautiful
plumes but it has ugly feet.
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Feat : A feat of valour was
shown by him.
 Words often confused
and misused
Fair : It is a fair game.
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Fare: What is the bus fare from
here?
 Words often confused
and misused
Fatal : His injuries proved fatal.
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Fateful : It was a fateful
decision
 Words often confused
and misused
Floor : He walked on the floor.
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Flour : Bread is made up of
flour.
 Words often confused
and misused
Gait : Her graceful gait
enchanted everyone.
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Gate: Please open the gate.
 Words often confused
and misused
Goal : What is the goal of your
life.
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Gaol : The accused was sent
to the gaol (jail).
 Words often confused
and misused
Hair : She has got golden hair.
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Heir : The Prince is an heir to
the throne.
Hare : The hare fled at top
speed.
 Words often confused
and misused
Hale : She is hale and hearty.
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Hail : It is hailing outside.
 Words often confused
and misused
Heel : Her heel was hurt.
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Heal : The wound healed
gradually
 Words often confused
and misused
Heard : I heard her tale of woe
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Herd : A herd of cattle grazed
in the field.
 Words often confused
and misused
Hole: The rat entered the hole.
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Whole : The whole of the milk
was taken by her
 Words often confused
and misused
Hoard : Who can hoard cloth?
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Horde : Hordes of the Huns
raided our country in the past
 Words often confused
and misused
Idle : Why are you lying idle?
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Idol : They worshipped the
idols in the temples
 Words often confused
and misused
Latter : I saw books and
pencils, but I bought the latter.
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Later : She reached the class
later than I did.

Letter : Post this letter please.

 Words often confused
and misused
Lightning : The lightning
flashed in the sky.
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Lightening : Lightening the
burden of the down trodden is
a great job.
 Words often confused
and misused
Loose : Wearing of loose
clothes in winter is not good.
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Lose: Don't lose temper please
 Words often confused
and misused
Mail: We haven't received mail
up till now.
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Male: No male member was
present there.
 Words often confused
and misused
Main: This is the main job to be
performed.
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Mane: Catch the horse by the
mane
 Words often confused
and misused
Marry : I will marry her next
year.
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Merry: Make merry and enjoy
life if you can.
 Words often confused
and misused
Mean: You are a mean fellow.
What do you mean by this type
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of stupid attitude?
Means: Don't go beyond your
means
Mien: They wore a dignified
mien (I.e.:Appearance).
 Words often confused
and misused
Meddle: Don't meddle with
others‘ affairs.
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Medal: She won a gold medal.
 Words often confused
and misused
Mettle : You may test your
mettle (courage)
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Metal : Iron is a metal.
 Words often confused
and misused
Miner : The miners have been
granted higher wages.
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Minor :Take care of the minor.
 Words often confused
and misused
Knotty :lt was a knotty problem.
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Naughty : He is a naughty boy.
 Words often confused
and misused
Pair : He lost his pair of
chappals.
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Pare : Pare off your nails.

Pear : Pear is a good fruit.

 Words often confused
and misused
Plane:They boarded the plane.
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Plain : The Northern plain of
India is very fertile.

Plan: Her plan misfired.

 Words often confused
and misused
Petrol : Petrol consumption in
our country is very high.
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Patrol :They patrolled the
whole area.
 Words often confused
and misused
Piece : Bring me a piece of
cloth.
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Peace : Nations require peace
and prosperity
 Words often confused
and misused
Pore : Sweat out of every pore,
but go on working.
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Pour : Pour out water.

Poor : She is a poor lady.

 Words often confused
and misused
Pray : Pray to God everyday.
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Prey : She fell a prey to that
disease.
 Words often confused
and misused
Prophet : Mahatma Gandhi
was a Prophet of peace.
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Profit : I can't profit out of your
plane.
 Words often confused
and misused
Quire : I bought a quire of
papers.
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Choir : The Church Choir gave
a performance of song.
Coir : Coir matting is very
popular these days.
 Words often confused
and misused
Reign : Ashoka's reign
continued for a long time.
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Rein : Hold the rein of the
horse.
Rain: It did not rain for a long
time
 Words often confused
and misused
Ring : Ring the bell.
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Wring : He wrings the clothes
after washing

Ring : This is my engagement

ring.
 Words often confused
and misused
Write : Write a letter.
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Rite : All the religious rites
Right : You are on the right
path.
Wright : He is a play Wright.
 Words often confused
and misused
Soar : The eagle soared higher
and higher.
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Sour: Curd is sour.

Sore : She has a sore throat.

 Words often confused
and misused
Stare: Never stare at the
women.
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Stair : He went up with the help
of stair-case.
 Words often confused
and misused
Steal : Don't steal.
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Steel : This almirah is made of
steel.
 Words often confused
and misused
Strait : They entered the Palk
Strait and reached Ceylon.
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Straight : Go straight
 Words often confused
and misused
Story : It is a beautiful story.
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Storey : It is a multi-storeyed
house (floor)
 Words often confused
and misused
Suit : She filed a suit against
her husband (petition)
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Suite : He got a suite of rooms
in the hotel. (set)
Soot :Soot gathered in the
chimney.(black power)
 Words often confused
and misused
Teem : He is teeming with a
high spirit.
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Team : The Football team
arrived at last.
 Words often confused
and misused
Tale : It is a nice tale.
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Tail : The monkey has a tail.
 Words often confused
and misused
.Throne : She was occupying
the throne.
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Thrown : The rotten apple was
thrown outside.
 Words often confused
and misused
Unanimous : They were
unanimous in their opinions.
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Anonymous : I received an
anonymous letter.
 Words often confused
and misused
Vacation : I will go to Kashmir
in the summer vacation.
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Vocation : She adopted a
fanciful vocation.
 Words often confused
and misused
Vain : She vainly hoped for success.
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Vein :All the veins lead to the heart.
Vane : The vane wind shows
us the direction of the wind.
Wane : The waxing and waning
of the moon enchants our eyes.
 Words often confused
and misused
Waist : Put it round your waist.
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Waste : Don't waste your
precious time.
 Words often confused
and misused
Wander : He wandered about
in search of food.
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Wonder : She wondered when
she saw the dark clouds in the
sky.
 Words often confused
and misused
Whether : Whether you come
or not, it doesn't matter.
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Weather : Weather was very
fine.
 Words often confused
and misused

Weigh : Weigh the mangoes.

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Way : He went on his way.
 Words often confused
and misused

Whet : He was whetting his

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knife to cut apples.

Wet : Hot and wet climate can

be found in Sri Lanka.
 Words often confused
and misused

Wear : Wear good clothes.

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Ware : She never praises her
wares.
 Words often confused
and misused

Week : A week has seven

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days.

Weak : She is quite weak now.

 Words often confused
and misused

Yolk : It is the yolk of an egg.

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Yoke : Put the horse to the
yoke and let it move on.
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An Elephant
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 An Elephant with different parts
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 An Elephant with different parts

As we saw that an Elephant

has different parts. When we
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join all these parts together
then we are going to get
complete Elephant
 Start to learn Language
From where to start learning
language?
The answer is from Word.
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Because with word sentence,
with sentence paragraph, with
paragraph pages & so on.
 Sentence and its importance
A sentence is the basic unit of
written English language
communication. We grant poets,
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playwrights, and fiction writers
some "literary license." These
authors can experiment with the
language or use the language in
an unconventional manner.
 Sentence and its importance
Expository writing is
conveyance of information,
often necessary or even vital
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information, to readers who
need that information. If a
reader misinterprets a
sentence in a work of fiction,
no harm results.
 Sentence and its importance
A misinterpretation of nonfiction
writing can cause harm. Written
instructions, policies, procedures,
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guidelines, research reports,
personal communication, and
news media information need to
be written so that the reader
understands exactly what the
writer intended.
 English a SVO language
English is a subject verb object
(SVO) language: it prefers a
sequence of subject–verb–object
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in its simplest, unmarked
declarative statements. Thus,
“Ram [subject] eats [verb]
Bread [object]"
 Word order in a sentence
However, beyond these simple
examples, word order is a
complicated matter in English.
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In particular, the speaker or
writer's point of departure in
each clause is a key factor in
the organization of the
message.
 Word order in a sentence
Thus, the elements in a
message can be ordered in a
way that signals to the reader
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or listener what the message
concerns.
 Parts of a Sentence
A sentence has two main parts:

(a) Subject:The thing which

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we name. The subject names
the topic

(b) Predicate: what we say

about that thing. The predicate
tells about the subject
 Subject and Predicate
To construct a simple English
sentence the writer has to
create a subject, a predicate
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and express a complete
thought.

The simple formula:

Subject + Predicate = SENTENCE
 Subject and Predicate
A predicate must have a verb.
A verb shows action or state of
being
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A more accurate formula:
Subject + Predicate containing
a Verb = SENTENCE
 Subject and Predicate
This little girl stands first in
her class
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Subject:

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This little girl
Predicate:
stands first in her class
 Subject and Predicate
No man can serve two
masters
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Subject:

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No man
Predicate:
serve two masters
 Subject and Predicate
Stone walls do not a prison
make
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Subject:

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Stone walls
Predicate:
do not a prison make
 Subject and Predicate
Off flew the birds at the
sound of the gun.
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Subject:

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the birds
Predicate:
Flew off at the sound of the
gun.
 Subject and Predicate
Try again.
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Subject:

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You
Predicate:
Try again.
 Subject and Predicate
She ran away.
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Subject:

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She
Predicate:
Ran away
 Subject and Predicate
So successful was the
operation
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Subject:

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The operation
Predicate:
was so successful
 Subject and Predicate
The name of the school was
not visible
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Subject:

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The name of the school
Predicate:
was not visible
 Subject and Predicate
Can you recognize this
person?
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Subject:

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You
Predicate:
can recognize this person
 Subject and Predicate
A grain of camphor affects
the heart of an animal
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Subject:

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A grain of camphor
Predicate:
affects the heart of an animal
 Subject and Predicate
He had a very strong will
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Subject:

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He
Predicate:
had a very strong will
 Subject and Predicate
The pieces of glass glittered
in the sun
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Subject:

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The pieces of glass
Predicate:
glittered in the sun.
 Subject and Predicate
A barking sound the
shepherd hears
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Subject:

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the shepherd
Predicate:
hears a barking sound
 Subject and Predicate
Speak sensibly
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Subject:

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(You)
Predicate:
Speak sensibly
 Subject and Predicate
The singing of the birds
delights one
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Subject:

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The singing of the birds
Predicate:
delights one
 Subject and Predicate
The Indian Government has
faced this problem frankly
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Subject:

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The Indian Government
Predicate:
has faced this problem
frankly
 Subject and Predicate
The loss of the parrot had a
depressing effect on us
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Subject:

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The loss of the parrot
Predicate:
had a depressing effect on
us
 Subject and Predicate
The quality of mercy is not
strained
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Subject:

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The quality of mercy
Predicate:
is not strained
 Subject and Predicate
His victim was a large black
Tom-cat (male cat)
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Subject:

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His victim
Predicate:
was a large black Tom-cat
 Subject and Predicate
Then he yawned
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Subject:

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He
Predicate:
Yawned then
 Subject and Predicate
Too much light causes over-
exposure
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Subject:

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Too much light
Predicate:
causes over-exposure
 Subject and Predicate
The cine-camera shoots
moving pictures
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Subject:

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The cine-camera
Predicate:
shoots moving pictures
 Subject and Predicate
Give us strength
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Subject:

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(You)
Predicate:
Give us strength
 Subject and Predicate
A pleasanter spot you never
spied (explore or discover)
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Subject:

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You
Predicate:
never spied a pleasanter
spot
 The Phrase and the Clause
The Phrase and The Clause
are the parts of the sentence,
together they will complete the
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sentence.
 The Phrase
The Phrase: A group of words
forming a conceptual unit,
which give some additional
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information, but not a sentence.
A Phrase makes some
sense, but not complete sense.
It does not contain a subject
and finite verb
 The Phrase

He fired in the air.

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in the air.
 The Phrase

The book was kept on the

table.
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on the table
 The Phrase

The watchman ran after the

thief
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after the thief
 The Phrase

How to operate the machine

was his problem
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How to operate the machine
 The Phrase

The rules of the institution

must be obeyed
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of the institution
 The Phrase

We know nothing about the

little boy
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about the little boy
 The Phrase

He quarreled without any

cause
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without any cause
 The Phrase

The work has to be

completed by the end of this
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month

by the end of this month

 The Phrase

The women were drawing

water from the well.
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from the well.
 The Phrase

Running across the road

can be dangerous
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Running across the road
 The Phrase
Phrases may be classified by the
type of head they take
•Prepositional phrase (PP) with a
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preposition as head (e.g. in love,
over the rainbow). Languages that
use postpositions instead have
postpositional phrases. The two
types are sometimes commonly
referred to as adpositional phrases.
 Sentence structure

Verb Phrase

The blue balloon drifted quietly

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over a body and his dog

Noun Phrase Prepositional Phrase

 The Phrase

•Noun phrase (NP) with a

noun as head
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(e.g. the black cat, a cat on
the mat)
 The Phrase
•Verb phrase (VP) with a
verb as head
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(e.g. eat cheese, jump up
and down)
 The Phrase

•Adjectival phrase with an

adjective as head
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(e.g. full of toys)
 The Phrase

•Adverbial phrase with

adverb as head
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(e.g. very carefully)
 The Clause
The Clause: A clause is a
part of a sentence.
Rule: A Clause must have a
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subject and a predicate.
This means a simple
sentence is a clause which
is complete one
 The Clause
When the sun sets, you
must come home
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When the sun sets,
 The Clause
Do not forget the warning
that he gave you.
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that he gave you.
 The Clause
He refused to tell what he
thought of the matter.
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what he thought of the
matter.
 The Clause
Does he know how he
should behave there?
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how he should behave
there?
 The Clause
The girl who is sitting near
the window is my sister
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who is sitting near the
window
 The Clause
If you need further information,
you may contact the number
that I have given you.
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(2 clauses)

you need further information

And
that I have given you.
 The Clause
Since you admit your fault, you
will be pardoned
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Since you admit your fault,
 The Clause
Some children ran out before
the bell rang.
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before the bell rang.
 The Clause
This is the place where the
mosquitoes breed
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where the mosquitoes breed
 The Clause
We reached the platform after
the train had left.
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after the train had left.
 Types of Clause
There are two main types:
1)Independent Clause
(main clauses),
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2)Dependent Clause
(subordinate clauses).
 Independent Clause
An independent clause is a
complete sentence; it
contains a subject and
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verb and expresses a
complete thought in both
context and meaning.
Example: The door opened
 Independent Clause
Independent clauses can be
joined by a co-ordinating
conjunction to form
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complex or compound
sentences.
Co-ordinating Conjunctions
And, but, for, or, nor, so, yet
 
 Independent Clause
Example: Take two
independent clauses and
join them together with the
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conjunction and: " The
door opened." "The man
walked in." = The door
opened and the man
walked in.
 Dependent Clause
A dependent (subordinate)
clause is part of a
sentence; it contains a
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subject and verb but does
not express a complete
thought. They can make
sense on their own, but,
 Dependent Clause
they are dependent on the
rest of the sentence for
context and meaning.
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They are usually joined to
an independent clause to
form a complex sentence.
 Dependent Clause
Dependent clauses often
begin with a subordinating
conjunction or relative
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pronoun that makes the
clause unable to stand
alone.
 Dependent Clause
Subordinating Conjunctions
After, although, as,
because , before, even if,
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even though, if, in order that,
once, provided that, rather
than, since, so that,than  
 Dependent Clause
Subordinating Conjunctions
that, though, unless,
until, when, whenever,
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where, whereas,
wherever, whether,
while, why
 
 Dependent Clause
Relative Pronouns
That, which, whichever,
who, whoever, whom,
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whose, whosever,
whomever
 Dependent Clause

Example: The door

opened because the man
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pushed it.
 Dependent Clause
Dependent clauses can be
nominal,
adverbial or
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adjectival
 Dependent Clause
A nominal clause (noun
clause) functions like a
noun or noun phrase. It is
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a group of words
containing a subject and a
finite verb of its own and
contains one of the
following: that | if | whether
 Dependent Clause
Example:
• I wondered whether the
homework was necessary.
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Noun clauses answer
questions like "who(m)?"
or "what?"
 Dependent Clause
An adverbial clause (adverb
clause) is a word or
expression in the sentence
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that functions as an
adverb; that is, it tells you
something about how the
action in the verb was
done.
 Dependent Clause
An adverbial clause is separated
from the other clauses by any
of the following subordinating
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conjunctions: after | although
| as | because | before | if |
since | that | though | till |
unless | until | when | where
| while
 Dependent Clause
Example:
• They will visit you before they
go to the airport.
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 Dependent Clause
Adverbial clauses can also be
placed before the main clause
without changing the meaning.
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Example:
• Before they go to the airport, they
will visit you.
 Dependent Clause
Note - When an adverb clause
introduces the sentence (as
this one does), it is set off with
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a comma.
Adverb clauses answer
questions like "when?",
"where?", "why? "
 Dependent Clause
An adjectival clause (adjective
clause or relative clause) does
the work of an adjective and
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describes a noun, it's usually
introduced by a relative pronoun:
who | whom | whose | that | which
Example:
• I went to the show that was very
popular.
 Dependent Clause
This kind of clause is used to
provide extra information
about the noun it follows. This
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can be to define something (a
defining clause), or provide
unnecessary, but interesting,
added information (a non-
defining clause).
 Dependent Clause
Example:
• The car that is parked in front
of the gates will be towed
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away. (Defining relative
clause.)
 Dependent Clause
Information contained in the
defining relative clause is
absolutely essential in order
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for us to be able to identify the
car in question.
• My dog, who is gray and
white, chased the postman.
( Non-defining relative clause)
 Dependent Clause
Summary
An adjective clause functions
as an adjective (modifies a
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noun or pronoun); an
adverb clause functions as
an adverb (describes a
verb, adjective or other
adverb);
 Dependent Clause
Summary
a noun clause is used as a
noun (subject of a verb,
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direct object, indirect
object, predicate
nominative or object of the
preposition).
 Difference between Clause
& Phrase
Note: - The difference
between a clause and a
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phrase is that a phrase does
not contain a finite verb.
 Sentence

Note: - The difference

between a clause and a
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phrase is that a phrase does
not contain a finite verb.
 A Sentence in a Language
A sentence in a language
plays very important role,
that is why its structure
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should be known.
 Sentence structure

Adjective Noun Adverb

Verb
Determiner
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The blue balloon drifted quietly
over a body and his dog
Preposition Noun Determiner
Determiner
Conjunction Noun
 Sentence structure

Verb Phrase

The blue balloon drifted quietly

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over a body and his dog

Noun Phrase Prepositional Phrase

 Sentence structure

Preposition Noun
Interjection
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Wow! It floated into the clouds.

Pronoun
Verb Determiner
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 Formal Greetings

From Early Morning to 12.00

After Noon
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Good Morning

Ex.Good Morning Sir !

 Formal Greetings

From 12.00 Afternoon

to 5.00 pm
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Good Afternoon

Ex. Good Afternoon Sir !

 Formal Greetings

After 5.00 pm to 12.00

Night
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Good Evening

Ex. Good Evening Sir !

 Formal Greetings

Night While Leaving

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Good Night

Ex.Good Night Sir !

 Formal Greetings

Day time (At any time)

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Good day

Ex.Good day to you !

 Formal Greetings

When we meet
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Please to meet you !

Glad to meet you !

 Informal Greetings
Hi Ramesh !
Hi Savita !
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Hello Uncle !
Hello Suresh !
Hello Sangeeta !
Hello Sir !
Hello Mrs. Joshi !
 See off

Good bye,
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Bye
Bye, bye
Farewell
Bye, see you again,
Bye take care
 Some Short words

Grandfather - Grandpa
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Father – Dad or Dad
Grandmother – Grandma
Mother – Mom Mummy
 Some relations

Uncle
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(Chikkappa, Doddappa, Mava,
Sodarmava)
Aunt, Autny or Auntie
(Chikkamma, Doddamma, Atte,
Sodaratte)
 Some relations

Cousin Brother
(Uncle’s son)
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Cousin Sister
(Uncle’s daughter)
Nephew
son or daughter of one's brother
or sister or of one's spouse's
brother or sister
 With respect

Sir,
Madam
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 Prefixing
Mr. (Married man)
Mrs (Mistress) (Married Women)
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Miss ((Unmarried ladies)
Ms (Same as Miss) (Both Married
and unmarried Women)
 Good Manners

In India we have some custom

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to use respectful word for
elders
(Jee, App, Ve, Ham)
You is common
He is common
 Some Important Disciplinary words
Please Thanks
Welcome Kindly
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Allow me After you

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Sorry Excuse me
Pardon That is alright
It’s my pleasure
 Manners
Asking something to
somebody else (non-standard)
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Give me your book
Give me a glass of water
What is time?
 Manners
Asking something to
somebody else (standard)
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May I have your book, please?

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Can I borrow your book,
please?
Give me a glass of water ,
please.
What is the time, please?
 Manners
If somebody does your work or
help you have to say
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Thank you
Thanks
Many many thanks to you.
Thank you very much
 Manners
In turn that person again
should give you response
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saying

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It’s all right
No mention
It’s fine
My pleasure
Welcome/you’re welcome
 Manners
If somebody ask you to take
something if you don’t want
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No, thanks,
 Manners
If somebody ask anything and
you want to give it
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Yes, you are welcome
With great pleasure
 Manners
If you want to help somebody
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May I help you

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Allow me
 Manners
If you commit any mistake
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Sorry

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 Manners
If you want to have way
between two person or so you
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have to go away from a group

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or if you want to get attention
of some person

Excuse me
 Manners
If you unable to hear properly
while talking or on phone
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Pardon
I beg your pardon
 Manners
If you ask a permission to get
into a class etc
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May, I come in, please?
 Manners
In turn that person should say
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Yes please come in

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With great pleasure
Of course
 Some real meaning words
Excuse (V): Please excuse me
Forgive (V): To err is human, to
forgive is divine
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Pardon(V): Please pardon me for
you mistake
Mistake(V): Don’t mistake me for
a doctor
Sorry (Adj): I am sorry for being
late
 Self Introduction
Hello,
Hi,
Good morning, Good afternoon,
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Good evening,
 Self Introduction
My name is…………………………
I am …………………………………
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 Self Introduction
I am ……………………years old
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 Self Introduction
I am studying in …………………
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 Self Introduction
I am student of ……..
……………………… college
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My college Name is
………………………………………
………………………………….
 Self Introduction
I am resident of
………………………………………
………………………………………
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 Self Introduction
My address:
………………………………………
……….
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 Self Introduction
1) I have passed my S.S.L.C exam
with ………… in the year……….
From ……… School
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2) I have passed my P.U.C.exam with
………. in the year…………. from……
College
3) I have passed my B.A./B.Com/
B.Sc. exam with …… in the year
…………. from…….School
 Self Introduction
I am good at
…………………………………………
…….……………………………………
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 Self Introduction
My hobbies are
…………………………………………
….……………………………………
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…………………………………………
 Self Introduction
My favorite Game is
…………………………………………
………………………………..
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 Self Introduction
My favorite Leader is
…………………………………………
……………………………....
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 Self Introduction
My favorite Dish is
…………………………………………
…………………………………
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 Self Introduction
My favorite Dress is
…………………………………………
…………………………………
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 Self Introduction
I know ……………… ………… ……
…………………………………………
Languages
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 Self Introduction
Number of people in my family is
……...………
They are
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…………………………………………
…………………..…………………….
…………………………………………
 Self Introduction
I want to become
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
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 Self Introduction
Mr Suresh meets Mrs mohan, one
of his freind, and his friend in the
street.
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Mr Suresh:
Good morning, Mr Mohan.
Mr Mohan:
Good morning, Mr Suresh . How are
you?
 Self Introduction

Mr Suresh:
I'm fine thanks, and you?
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Mr Mohan
I am also very fine.
 Self Introduction

Mr. Suresh:
How is going?
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Mr. Mohan
Not too bad, busy as ever.
Mr. Suresh, this is my friend Ram,
Ram this is Mr. Suresh one of my
very close friend.
 Self Introduction

Mr. Ram:
It is nice to meet you.
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Mr. Suresh:
Pleased to meet you too. Are you
from Bombay , Mr. Mohan?
 Self Introduction

Mr Ram:
Yes, And you, are you from Pune?
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Mr. Suresh:
No, I'm from Solapur, but I live in
Gulbarga now.
 Self Introduction

Mr Mohan:
Well, goodbye Mr Suresh , it was nice
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to see you.

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Mr. Suresh:
Yes, goodbye.
 Self Introduction

Note: first meetings say,

"It's nice to meet you".
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For future meetings say,
"It's nice to see you again".
 Learn to talk about and ask the time
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Twelve o'clock
12.00 Noon In the afternoon
12.00 Midnight In the Night
 Learn to talk about and ask the time
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A.M.= Ante Meridiem
Before Noon
P.M.= Post Meridiem
After Noon
 Learn to talk about and ask the time
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12.00 Noon In the afternoon
12.00 Midnight In the Night
 Learn to talk about and ask the time
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Twelve o'clock
 Learn to talk about and ask the time
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Twelve fifteen
or
Quarter past twelve
 Learn to talk about and ask the time
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Twelve thirty
or
Half past twelve
 Learn to talk about and ask the time
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At a point in time In a length of time
"When shall we "It's 12.45, when
meet? will you be ready
"Let's meet at "I'll see you in an
12.30." hour, at about
1.45."
 Learn to talk about and ask the time
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Excuse me.
What time is it please?
It's exactly eight o'clock.
or
It's eight.
 Learn to talk about and ask the time
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Excuse me.
Do you have the time please?
It's half past twelve.
or
It's twelve thirty.
 Learn to talk about and ask the time
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Excuse me.
Could you tell me the time please?
It's about half past eleven.
or
It's around