Pakistan and India relationship

Muzamil Irshad (BBA-01), (Muhammad Akhtar (BBA-02)

Abdul Haleem (BBA-04), (Hira Kanwal (BBA-05)
Aslam Khan (BBA-06)
History Of India:
Indo-Pak History:

• Divide and rule policy of Britishers

• War of independence 1957
• Formation of All India Muslim league
• Dec 30, 1906 in Dhaka
• Representation of Muslims
• World war 1 and its impact
• Gandhi’s role in independence
(Cont.)

• Events leading to partition of India and Pakistan

• Rising religious conflicts
• Suppression of Minorities
• Partition & its impacts
• Separating borders
• Influx of refuges ( 16m )
• Massacres of Refugee
• s ( 2m)
• The birth of Kashmir issue.
Pakistan and India economic comparison:

Pakistan
• GDP is $273bn.
• GDP accounts 0.4% of the world’s
economy.
• Per capita income is Rs 180,000 per
year.
• Foreign debt is Rs 29.86 tr.
• Gold Reserves are 6450 tones.
India
• GDP is $ 2088bn.
• GDP accounts 2.7% of the world’s
economy.
• Per capita income is Rs 112,000.
• Foreign debt is $ 529.7 bn.
• Gold Reserves are 557.7 tones.
Pakistan and India economic comparison:

Pakistan India
 Pak Growth rate -0.39%.  India Growth rate is -7.97%.
 Exports are $ 23 billion  Exports are $ 323 billion
Wars:

1965 War:
• Indian forces intruded in “Rann of Kutch” in April 1965.
• Indian forces were ejected, an agreement was signed: the forces disengaged.
• Was “ land & air battle)
• Squadron leader “M.M.ALAM” (Sitar-i-Jurat) his F-86 Sabre down five Indian
attacking Hunter Aircraft in a single sortie.
• Pak army captured: 20 officers, 19 junior officers and 569 other ranks.
Cont.,

1971 War:
71 Tragic year, India support for independence of Bangladesh .
• Mitro Bahini ( Allied Force between India army and Mukhti Bahini)
• Was land& sea battle and Air battle ( India captured 5500sq miles of Pak).
• On December 16, the Pakistani forces in east surrendered and India took
approximately 93000 prisoners.
Kargil War (background)

 The 1999 conflict between India and Pakistan near the town of Kargil in Contested
Kashmir was the first military clash between two nuclear armed forces  
 The whole area of Kargil belonged to Pakistan. It was captured by India in the war of1965 but restored to Pa
kistan under Tashkent Agreement. In the 1971 war, Kargil was again occupied and retained by India by use
of force.
 The seeds for the 1999 operation along the Srinagar highway was planted way back when the Indian Army 
High Command had ventured to thrust across the1949 UN Ceasefire Line in Kashmir and then renamed it as 
the Line of Control(LOC) in December 1972
 In 1984, India violated even the LOC and sneaked into Siachin, part of the northern areas of Jammu and
  Kashmir.
Who started the War and Why?
 The cause of the war of 1999 was the infiltration of Pakistani soldiers and Kashmiri militants into positions 
on the Indian side of the LOC, which serves as the unreal border between the two states.
 Pakistani army backed freedom
fighters successfully attempted a direct and frontal approach to this extra-
ordinary military operation. The Freedom fighters changed their tactics and entrenched themselves
above the road which links Srinagar to India occupied Laddakh.
 Causes
 Kargil operation was clearly an upshot of the Kashmir dispute. Kashmir is both cause and consequence
of the India-Pakistan conflict and misery.
 Pakistan has always been obliged and committed to support the Independence movement of the
people of Kashmir and sought to get the issue resolved as quickly possible so that they
 could get their right of self-determination. Kashmir has contributed to the overall
tension between India and Pakistan.
Why that particular year
 severe season 
 political dialogues in progress between the political leaderships of the two countries, Kashmir issue wa
s not 
given more attention from Pakistan side, so
army used this option for recovering Kashmir and Siachin Sector.
Who made the decision?
The Pakistani Army has always taken a straight forward stand over the Kashmir issue.
The Kargil operation
 was planned months in advance and kept a top
secret that was confined to a very few top army officers.
 The Pakistani Chief of Army Staff (COAS), Chief of General Staff (CGS), Director
General Military Operations(DGMO), GOC 10 Corps and GOC Force Commander
Northern Area (FCNA) who was in overall charge of operations in the Kargil sector, were
the only ones aware about the actual operation.
Objectives:
Solving Kashmir dispute
internationalizing the Kashmir issue
Consequences:
the Army failed to get the desired results from Kargil operation.
Kashmir Issue:
Kashmir’s accession to India (26th October, 1947)
The census of 1941 shows that almost 77% of the population of Kashmir was comprised of Muslims
In October, 1947, Pakistan invaded Kashmir and captured its northern and western parts. On the Maharajahs request
and accession to India, the authorities in Delhi now reacted by sending troops to the region and Pakistani advances
were arrested soon. Thus, the southern and eastern parts of the region were retained in the Indian Union and constituted
as the state of Jammu and Kashmir
Causes :
Power politics between All India Muslim League and Indian National Congress (the two major political powers of the
undivided India) culminated at widespread communal tension and violence during the 1930s and early 1940s
The Current State of Affairs:
On several occasions, India has alleged that Pakistan has sponsored the different terrorist organizations in Kashmir.
Moreover, India holds Pakistan responsible for several devastating terrorist attacks directed against India. On the other
hand, Pakistan affirmatively sticks to its policy of extending ‘moral support’ to the separatists in Kashmir. In such a
state of affair, the common Kashmiris are suffering most. The innocent people are being victimized by baneful
separatist propaganda. Confrontations between Indian military and armed separatists have caused huge loss of property,
money, and lives so far.
ARTICLE 370 :
Article 370 gave a special status to the state Jammu and Kashmir in citizenship and other internal matters. The J&K
government had separate constitution and flags. The Indian government could only interfere in the matters of defense, finance,
communications, and foreign affairs with the permission of the state government.
Advantages of Article 370 
1. Outsiders were not allowed to purchase land in J&K. 
2. Less competition and more opportunities for the citizens of Kashmir in the lack of outsiders. 
3. No population blast. 
4. Local brands hold importance. 
5. Low crime rate (but high terrorism). 
6. Dual citizenship. 
Disadvantages of Article 370 
1. Lack of medical facilities due to lack of private hospitals. 
2. Lack of employment which encourages youth to enroll themselves in terrorism. 
3. No Industrial sector is available.
4. High corruption rate. 
5. Religion-based politics. 
6. Poor education and low GDP.
Conclusion
Kashmir issue has been the primary cause of diplomatic,
political, and military standoff between India and Pakistan.
The way to this conflict resolution lies in the methods of
psychological intervention. Psychological perspective of the
problem is more propound than its military, political, and
diplomatic dimensions and interpretations.
Acceptance of the fact that the common Kashmiris deserve to
live a normal and peaceful life.
The confidence building measures must be initiated
meaningfully.
Diplomacy:

• Geographic links
• Cultural diplomacy
• Linguistic ties
• Matrimonial ties
• Sporting ties
• Exchange of Artist
• Political Diplomacy ( Positive, Negative)
Treaties:

• Karachi Agreement (27th of July 1949 )

• Signed in Kashmir ( Kashmir, Pak and India representatives)
• Ceasefire & settlement Kashmir issue
• Liaqat-Nehru Pact ( 8th April, 1950)
• Signed in New Delhi ( PM: J.L Nehru and PM: Liaqat Ali Khan)
• For safe return Properties of Refugees & rights of Minorities
• Sindh Taas Agreement ( 19th sept 1960 )
• Signed in Karachi (President, G.M Ayyub khan & PM, Jawaharlal Nehru)
• Settle water dispute
Cont. & Future Of Relations

 The Simla Agreement: (2nd of July, 1972)

 Signed in Himachal Pradesh (PM, Z.A Bhutto & PM, Indra Gandhi)
 Establish peace
 The Non- Nuclear Aggression (21st sept, 1998)
 Signed in Islamabad (PM, Benazir Bhutto & PM, Rajiv Gandhi)
 Bilateral & nuclear weapons control
Thank you: