STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

CE 402

STRENGTH OF
MATERIALS
LECTURE 1 : SIMPLE STRESS
THIN WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS
 Semester Preview
01
REVIEW OF FORCE MECHANICS

02
SIMPLE (AXIAL) STRESSES: TENSILE; COMPRESSIVE

03
SIMPLE STRESS: SHEAR, BEARING

04
DEFORMATION; HOOKE’S LAW

05
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE MEMBERS
 Semester Preview
06
THERMAL STRESSES

07
STRESSES ON THIN-WALLED CYLINDERS

08
TORSION: TORSIONAL STRESS &
DEFORMATION

09
FLEXURAL STRESS
10
DEFLECTION
 REVIEW OF FORCE
MECHANICS
1.

3.

7kN/m

11m
2.
STRENGTH OF
MATERIALS
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

STATICS AND
DYNAMICS - External effect of same forces

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
- external and internal of same forces applied.
- Stress and deformation
 Strength of Materials
- also called mechanics of materials or mechanics of
deformable bodies
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

- branch of applied mechanics that deals with the

behavior of soild bodies subjected to various types of
loading.

- the principal objectiveof mechanics of materials is to

determine the stresses, strains, and displacements in
structures and their components due to the loads acting
on them.
SIMPLE STRESS
 ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL FORCES

Consider a body of arbitrary shape acted

upon by the force shown. In statics, we
would start by determining the resultant of
the applied forces to determine whether or
not the body remains at rest. If the
resultant is zero, we have static
equilibrium. If the resultant is not zero, we
may apply inertia force to bring about
dynamics equilibrium.
SIMPLE STRESS

In strength of materials, we make an

Exploratory section a –a’ through loaded
member
additional investigation of the internal
distribution of the forces. This is done by
passing an exploratory section a-a’ through
the body and exposing the internal forces
acting on the exploratory section that are
necessary to maintain the equilibrium of
either segment.
 ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL FORCES
Pxx – Axial Force – the component measures
the pulling or pushing action perpendicular
to the section (push or pull)

Pxy , Pxz – Shear Force – components of the

total resistance to sliding the portion of one
side of the exploratory section past the
other designated by V.

Mxx – Torque (T) – this component measures

SIMPLE STRESS

the resistance to twisting the member.

Components of internal effects on
Mxy, Mxz – Bending Moment – these moment exploratory section a-a’.
measure the resistance to bending the
member about the y or z axes and are often
denoted merely by My or Mx.
 SIMPLE STRESS
Simple stresses are expressed as the ratio of the applied force divided by the
resisting area or

σ = Force / Area.

It is the expression of force per unit area to structural members that are subjected
to external forces and/or induced forces. Stress is the lead to accurately describe
and predict the elastic deformation of a body.
SIMPLE STRESS

Simple stress can be classified as normal stress, shear stress, and bearing stress.
• Normal stress develops when a force is applied perpendicular to the cross-
sectional area of the material. If the force is going to pull the material, the
stress is said to be tensile stress and compressive stress develops when the
material is being compressed by two opposing forces.
• Shear stress is developed if the applied force is parallel to the resisting area..
• Bearing stress it is the contact pressure between two bodies.
 NORMAL STRESS
The resisting area is perpendicular to the applied force, thus normal. There
are two types of normal stresses; tensile stress and compressive stress. Tensile
stress applied to bar tends the bar to elongate while compressive stress tend to
shorten the bar.

σ = Force / Area.

where P is the applied normal load in Newton and A is the area in mm2 . The
maximum stress in tension or compression occurs over a section normal to the
SIMPLE STRESS

load.

Unit: kPa (Kilo Pascals), MPa (Mega Pascals), psi (pounds per square inches), ksi
(kilopound per square inches)
1 Pa = 1 N/
1 MPa = 1 x N/ = 1 N/
1 psi = 6.895 kPa
 NORMAL STRESS
Example: Determine the stress in each bar.

= 10
= 1000

Bar 1 Bar 2
= = = 50 MPa
SIMPLE STRESS

= = = 5 x N/
500 N 5000 N
 NORMAL STRESS
Example: A composite bar consists of an aluminum section rigidly
fastened between a bronze section and a steel section as shown.
Axial loads are applied at the position indicated. Determine the
stress in each section.
SIMPLE STRESS
 ′ ′ NORMAL STRESS
𝑎 ′
𝑏 𝑐

a b c

= = = 3330 psi T
SIMPLE STRESS

= = = 2780 psi C

= = = 4380 psi C
 NORMAL STRESS
Example: A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm
must carry a tensile load of 400 kN. Determine the outside diameter
of the tube if the stress is limited to 120 MN/ .
SIMPLE STRESS
 SHEARING STRESS

Forces parallel to the area resisting the force cause shearing

stress. It differs to tensile and compressive stresses, which are
caused by forces perpendicular to the area on which they act.
Shearing stress is also known as tangential stress.

τ=
SHEARING STRESS

where V is the resultant shearing force which passes which

passes through the centroid of the area A being sheared..
 SHEARING STRESS

Example: What force required to punch a 20mm diameter hole in a

plate that is 25mm thick? The shear strength is 350 MN/ .

τ=
SHEARING STRESS

350 MN/m2=

P = 549.778 kN
 SHEARING STRESS

Example: As in Fig. 1-11c, a hole is to be punched out of a plate

having a shearing strength of 40 ksi. The compressive stress in the
punch is limited to 50 ksi. (a) Compute the maximum thickness of
plate in which a hole 2.5 inches in diameter can be punched. (b) If
the plate is 0.25 inch thick, determine the diameter of the smallest
hole that can be punched.
SHEARING STRESS
 SHEARING STRESS

Example: Find the smallest diameter bolt that can be used in the
clevis shown in Fig. 1-11b if P = 400 kN. The shearing strength of the
bolt is 300 MPa.
SHEARING STRESS
 SINGLE AND DOUBLE SHEAR
STRESS
 BEARING STRESS

Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the separate bodies. It

differs from compressive stress, as it is an internal stress caused by
compressive forces.

=
BEARING STRESS

where:
= Bearing Stress
= Axial Force
= Projected Area (contact
area bet two separate
bodies)
 BEARING STRESS
Example: Assume that a 20mm diameter rivet joins the plates that
are each 110mm wide. The allowable stresses re 120MPa for bearing
in the plate material and 60 Mpa for shearing of the rivet. Determine
(a) the minimum thickness of each plate and (b) the largest average
tensile stress in the plate.
BEARING STRESS
 BEARING STRESS
Example: The lap joint shown, is fastened by four ¾-in.-diameter
rivets. Calculate the maximum safe load P that can be applied if the
shearing stress in the rivets is limited to 14 ksi and the bearing stress
in the plates is limited to 18 ksi. Assume the applied load is
uniformly distributed among the four rivets.
BEARING STRESS
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1. A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is supported at either end by a
cable as shown. Calculate the smallest area of each cable if the
stress is not to exceed 90 MPa in bronze and 120 MPa in steel.

2. The homogeneous bar shown, is supported by a smooth pin at

C and a cable that runs from A to B around the smooth peg at D.
Find the stress in the cable if its diameter is 0.6 inch and the
bar weighs 6000 lb.
SIMPLE STRESS

Figure 1 Figure 2
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS

3. The members of the structure shown, weigh 200 lb/ft. Determine

the smallest diameter pin that can be used at A if the shearing stress
is limited to 5000 psi. Assume single shear.
SIMPLE STRESS
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
4. A 7/8-in.-diameter bolt, having a diameter at the root of the
threads of 0.731 in., is used to fasten two timbers together as shown
in Fig. P-129. The nut is tightened to cause a tensile stress of 18 ksi in
the bolt. Compute the shearing stress in the head of the bolt and in
the threads. Also, determine the outside diameter of the washers if
their inside diameter is 9/8 in. and the bearing stress is limited to 800
psi.
SIMPLE STRESS
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
5. Figure P shows a roof truss and the detail of the riveted connection at joint
B. Using allowable stresses of k = 70 MPa and = 140 MPa, how many 19-mm
diameter rivets are required to fasten member BC to the gusset plate?
Member BE? What is the largest average tensile or compressive stress in BC
and BE?
SIMPLE STRESS
 THIN WALLED
PRESSURE VESSELS
 TANGENTIAL STRESS
(Circumferential Stress)
Consider the tank shown being subjected to an internal pressure p.
The length of the tank is L and the wall thickness is t. Isolating the
right half of the tank:
F = pA = pDL
T = A = tL
PRESSUREVESSELS

ΣF = 0
THIN WALLED

F = 2T
pDL = 2
= pD/2t

where:
p = Pressure (Internal)
D = Diameter
t = thickness
 LONGITUDINAL STRESS
The total force acting at the rear of the tank F must equal to the
total longitudinal stress on the wall PT = L . Since t is so small
compared to D, the area of the wall is close to πDt
F = pA = p
=
PRESSUREVESSELS

ΣF = 0
F=
THIN WALLED

p=
= pD/4t

where:
p = Pressure (Internal)
D = Diameter
t = thickness
 SPHERICAL SHELL/CYLINDER
If a spherical tank of diameter D and thickness t contains gas under a
pressure of p, the stress at the wall can be expressed as:

F = pA = p
=

ΣF = 0
PRESSUREVESSELS

F=
p=
THIN WALLED

= pD/4t

where:
p = Pressure (Internal)
D = Diameter
t = thickness
 EXAMPLE #1:
The wall thickness of a 4-ft-diameter spherical tank is 5/16 in. Calculate the
allowable internal pressure if the stress is limited to 8000 psi.

8000 psi =
PRESSUREVESSELS

p = 208.33 psi
THIN WALLED
 EXAMPLE #2:
Calculate the minimum wall thickness for a cylindrical vessel that is to carry a
gas at a pressure of 1400 psi. The diameter of the vessel is 2 ft, and the stress
is limited to 12 ksi.
PRESSUREVESSELS
THIN WALLED
 EXAMPLE #3:
A cylindrical pressure vessel is fabricated from steel plating that has
a thickness of 20 mm. The diameter of the pressure vessel is 450 mm
and its length is 2.0 m. Determine the maximum internal pressure
that can be applied if the longitudinal stress is limited to 140 MPa,
and the circumferential stress is limited to 60 MPa.
PRESSUREVESSELS
THIN WALLED
 PRACTICE PROBLEM
1. A cylindrical steel pressure vessel 400 mm in diameter with a wall
thickness of 20 mm, is subjected to an internal pressure of 4.5
MN/m2 . (a) Calculate the tangential and longitudinal stresses in
the steel. (b) To what value may the internal pressure be
increased if the stress in the steel is limited to 120 MN/m2 ?
PRESSUREVESSELS

2. The strength of longitudinal joint shown is 33 kips/ft, whereas for

the girth is 16 kips/ft. Calculate the maximum diameter of the
THIN WALLED

cylinder tank if the internal

pressure is 150 psi.
 PRACTICE PROBLEM
3. A water tank, 22 ft in diameter, is made from steel plates that
are ½ in. thick. Find the maximum height to which the tank may
be filled if the circumferential stress is limited to 6000 psi. The
specific weight of water is 62.4 lb/ft 3 .

4. The tank shown is fabricated from 1/8-in steel plate. Calculate

the maximum longitudinal and circumferential stress caused by
PRESSUREVESSELS

an internal pressure of 125 psi.

THIN WALLED