Human Values and

Theories

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 Values
 Etymologically, value comes from the Latin
word “valere” which means “to be
strong”, or “to be worth”
 Ideas, actions, habits, or experiences
that contribute to the promotion of
human life

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 Aspects of Values
• CHOOSING
1. Value is chosen freely
a. Permanent or lasting values must be
preferred over temporary or perishable
values
 Example:Education over courtship

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b. Values favored by a greater number of people
must be preferred over those that appeal only to
a few
 Example: discipline over personal freedom
c. Values that give greater satisfaction must be
preferred over those that are accidental
 Example: health over beauty
 “Our value preferences determine our life-style
and our character as a person”
2. Its is chosen among alternatives and with
“consideration of the consequences of
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• AFFIRMING/PRIZING
3. There is celebration: the person is happy for his
choice
4. There is public affirmation of the choice
• ACTING
5. The value must be acted upon; it must be evident
in one’s behavior
6.Acting must be repeatedly done in some fashion
to a variety of similar experiences
7. Values should enhance and not impede the
development of the emotional and spiritual well-
being
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 Theories on the Origin or
Sources of Values
• Mentalistic theory of Values “Inner
Man”
 All our obligations, all of what we call
good and what we call bad, do not exist
as good and bad per se.
 CONSTRUCTIONS, product of our
wants, needs, and desires
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 • Behavioral Values “Outer Man” B.F
Skinner
 Values come from personal experience
 Values are created by a never ending
series of a combination of Reward and
Punishment

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• Labelling Theory or Cultural Relativism
Theory of Values
 Ideas, events, behavior are neither
good nor bad per se. It is the society
which labels them as good or bad

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 Classification of Values
1. Economic Values
 Objects with material value
2. Behavioral Values
 Internalized guides to behavior
(means and outcome/end

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3. Social Values
 Values arising from interpersonal relations
a. Prescriptive “thou shall” values
b. Terminal Values “thou shall not” values
4. Self –concern values
5. Moral and spiritual values

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 Responsibility Affection
Respect

Well-being
Categories Skills
Of Values

wealth
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Influence Enlightenment
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 Filipino Value
Orientations

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 Non-Rationalism vs.
Rationalism
• Non-rationalism
 Involves in the belief in the supremacy of
nature and forces outside oneself.
 A non rational person is traditional,
fatalistic, dogmatic, unscientific

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 • Fatalism
refers to the belief that all events are
naturally and supernaturally predetermines
• “Ang kapalaran dudulog lalapit kung
talagang atin”
• “Pag di ukol di bubukol”
• “Nasa Dios and awa, nasa tao ang gawa”
• “Lahat ng bagay sa balat ng lupa, bigay at
kaloob ng Poong May kapal”
• “Bawat nilalang may nakatakdang
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 • Rationalism
 Belief or doctrine that all knowledge and
truth is found only in reason that is
ascertainable by rational process of
thought, and that there is no supernatural
revelation

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 Sayings/maxims
• “Ang maniwala sa sabi-sabi walang bait sa
sarili”
• Ang lumakad ng marahan kung matinik ay
mababaw; ang lumalakad ng matulin kung
matinik ay malalim”
• Kung ano ang itinanim ay siya mong
aanhin”
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 Personalism and
Impersonalism

• Personalism
 Refers to the tendency to give due
importance to intrapersonal and
interpersonal relations in working
arrangements

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• Pakikisama
It refers to good public relations or the
avoidance of open disagreement or
conflict with others
• Utang na loob
refers to debt of gratitude which is difficult
or almost impossible to quantify
• Paggalang
respect towards elders and superiors
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 • Lagay system
use of an influential party in getting things
done
• Kamag-anak system
Practice in government wherein close
relatives are appointed to juicy positions
with or without the required qualifications
and experiences

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 • Impersonalism
refers to the tendency to eliminate the
influence the influence of friendship or
kinship in working relations
 “walang personalan, trabaho lang”
 “walang malakas, walang mahina”
 Ang hustisya ay para sa lahat, walang
mahirap, walang mayaman”

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 Particularism vs.
Universalism
• Particularism
Refers to the tendency of a person to center
his her concern on his or her sub groups
made up of relatives, friends, colleagues,
associates, religious affiliate or members of
his or her ethnic/ regional group in larger
society to which he or she belongs

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 Saying/maxims
• Kapartido system
• Kapatid sa pananampalataya
• Kababayan
• Kapatiran
• Tayo-tayo system
• Kamag-anak system

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 • Universalism
 refers to the tendency to focus one’s
attention and concern on the promotion of
the national and common wealth
 The emphasis is on general welfare of the
whole society

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 examples
• Kagalingang pambansa (public welfare)
• Katarungang pambansa (social justice)
• Sa batas lahat ay pantay-pantay (equality
under the law)
• Pambansang pagkakakilanlan (national
identity)

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 Nationalism vs.
Internationalism
• Nationalism
advocacy of making one’s nation distinct
and separate from others in intellectual,
social, cultural, economic, political, and
moral matters

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 Example
• Mabuhay ang Pilipino Movement
• Taas Noo Ako ay Pilipino
• Bayan ko mahal ko
• Isang bansa, isang diwa, isang wika

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 • Internationalism
belief in having friendly relations between
and among nations for their mutual and
common benefit
 example Globalization

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 You are a Filipino if………
1. You are jovial, fun loving and fiesta-loving
2. You are an adventurist
3. You have pakiramdam (sensitivity)
4. You are very spiritual. Deep sense of kaba
or premonition
5. Timeless
6. You are space less
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 Values, attitudes and
predisposition
1. Bahala na
2. Utang na loob
3. Balat sibuyas
4. Relax lang mentality
5. National amnesia mentality
6. The “awa mentality”
7. Mahilig sa telenobela o teleserya
8. mahilig sa videoke kahit nababaril sa pag awit

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 Customs and Practices
1. In the Filipino English
a. frigidaire- refrigerator
b. For a while- one moment please
c. you say “open” or “close”
e. xerox- photocopy
f. boose- bus

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 2. Pagdidisplay ng mg larawan, diploma,
plake sa living room
3. May larawan ng last supper sa dining room
4. Nakataas ang isang paa habang nakain
5.Mas marami kanin kaysa ulam
6.Nagkakaingay at sigaw ng sigaw kapag
may artista
7. Pagkuha ng maraming ninong at ninang

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