SOCIAL GROUPS

AND

SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS

© MTCJennBau
 SOCIAL GROUP
 Unit of interacting personalities with interdependence
of roles and statuses existing between and among
themselves.

 Collection of people where members interact on a

regular basis, guided by structure and agreements,
defined by roles and responsibilities.
 SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
 Type of collectivity established for the pursuit of specific
aims or goals.

 Characterized by a formal structure of rules, authority

relations, a division of labor and limited membership or
admission.
OTHER COLLECTIONS NOT
CONSIDERED AS SOCIAL GROUPS

 AGGREGATES

 COLLECTIVITY

 SOCIAL CATEGORY
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL
GROUP

 Group members interact on a fairly regular basis

through communication.
 Members should develop a structure where each
member assumes a specific status and adopts a
particular role.
 Certain orderly procedures and values are agreed
upon.
 The members of the group feel a sense of identity.
 TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS
According to Social Ties

Primary Group
• It is the most fundamental unit of human society.

• A long-lasting group

• Characterized by strong ties of love and affection.

• Do’s and Don’ts of behavior are learned here.

Examples:
Families, Gangs, Cliques, Play Groups, Friendship Groups
SECONDARY GROUPS
 Groups with which the individual comes in contact later in life.
 Characterized by impersonal, business-like, contractual, formal and
casual relationship.
 Usually Large in size, not very enduring and limited relationships.
 People needed other people for the satisfaction of their complex
needs.

Examples:
Industrial Workers; business associates, Faculty Staff,
Company Employees
ACCORDING TO SELF-IDENTIFICATION
 IN-GROUP
 a social unit in which individuals feel at home and with which they
identify.
 OUT-GROUP
 a social unit to which individuals do not belong due to differences in
social categories and with which they do not identify.
 REFERENCE/PSYCHOLGICAL GROUP
 groups to which we consciously or unconsciously refer when we
evaluate our life situations and behavior but to which we do not
necessarily belong.
 It serve a comparison function

 It has a normative function

ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
 Special Interest Groups
 groups which are organized to meet the special interest of the
members.

 Task Group
 groups assigned to accomplish jobs which cannot be done by one
person.

 Influence or Pressure Groups

 groups organized to support or influence social actions.
ACCORDING TO GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
AND DEGREE OR QUALITY OF RELATIONSHIP
 Gemeinschaft
 A social system in which most relationships are personal or traditional.
 It is a community of intimate, private and exclusive living and
familism.
 Culture is homogeneous and tradition-bound.

 Gesselschaft
 A social system in which most relationships are impersonal, formal,
contractual or bargain-like.
 Relationship is individualistic, business-like, secondary and rationalized
 Culture is heterogeneous and more advanced.
ACCORDING TO FORM OF
ORGANIZATION
 Formal Groups
 Social organization
 Deliberately formed and their purpose and objectives are explicitly
defined.
 Their goals are clearly stated and the division of labor is based on
member’s ability or merit
Bureaucracy
 an administrative structure w/c is aimed to enable members meet

their goals.
 A hierarchical arrangement in large scale formal organizations

in w/c parts are ordered in the manner of a pyramid based on a

division of function and authority.
 Formal, rationally organized social structure
CHARACTERISTICS OF
BUREAUCRACY

 Positions and offices are clearly defined

 The hierarchical arrangement of authority, rights and
obligations is specifically drawn and clear-cut
 The personnel are selected on the basis of technical or
professional qualification and expert training and
competence through competitive examination
 Definite rules govern official behavior

 Security of tenure and the pursuit of a career with

promotion in the hierarchy are assured
 Informal Groups

 Arises spontaneously out of the interactions of two or more persons.

 It is unplanned
 Has no explicit rules for membership and does not have specific
objectives to be attained.
 It has the characteristics of primary groups and members are bound by
emotion and sentiments.

 Relationship Groups

 Groups organized to fulfill the feeling of companionship.

 ELEMENTS OF EFFECTIVE GROUP
FUNCTIONING

 Democratic or “participate” leadership is employed.

 Flexible patterns of communication are used.
 A cooperative problem-solving approach to discussion is
employed rather than a competitive “win-lose” approach.
 Members deal openly and candidly with one another.
 Decision techniques which favor a sharing of responsibility via
protection of the individual rights are used rather than
techniques which place the responsibility clearly in the hands of
but a portion of a group.
 FACTORS OR FORCES AFFECTING
GROUP DYNAMICS

Group Size

Type of Group Goals

Motivational base shared by individuals

The kind of group cohesion

Social Conformity

Group decision-making
• Orientation
• Evaluation
• Reaching a decision
• Restoring equilibrium

Leadership
LEADERSHIP,

QUALITIES OF A LEADER,

STYLE OF LEADERSHIP
 Leadership

 The process of influencing the activities of individuals in a group

towards the attainment of group goals in a given situation.

 It implies the existence of particular influence relationship between

two or more persons.
QUALITIES OF A LEADER
They have traits such as
• Intelligence
• Dominance
• Charisma
• Enthusiasm
• Courage
• Determination
• Self-confidence
• High sense of integrity
• Tact
• Diplomacy
• Involvement
Groups needed leaders for two basic purposes :

 To direct various tasks

 Provide support to group members

Task Leadership

 the act of directing a group toward its goal.

Socio-Emotional Leadership

 the act of maintaining good spirits.

 STYLES OF LEADERSHIP
 Functional Leadership
 Status Leadership

 Task-Oriented Leadership

 Relationship or person-oriented Leadership

 Transactional Leadership

 Authoritarian Leadership

 Democratic Leadership

 Tradition-oriented Leadership

 Development-oriented Leadership