Pharmaceutical Botany w/

Basic Concepts to understand

Taxonomy
Plants
1

Prepared by: Jenilyn Q. Farnacio, RPh.

 Objectives
1. Appreciate the importance of
Scientific Method
2. Identify plant’s importance to
people , other microorganism
and to the ecology
3. Identify the DOH approved
Prepared by: Jenilyn Q. Farnacio, RPh. medicinal plants
 Question
#1
Give one part of a plant and
its use.
Prepared by: Jenilyn Q. Farnacio, RPh.
 Question #
2
What is Botany? Give a
phrase that will define the
word.
Prepared by: Jenilyn Q. Farnacio, RPh.
 BOTANY
the scientific study of plants
“
Plants have green leaves, stems,
roots, and flowers.
PLANT OR NOT ?
Prepared by: Jenilyn Q. Farnacio, RPh.
 Scientific
 Genus
Ex: Cherries are Prunus avium, peaches
Name
are Prunus persica, and apricots are
Prunus armeniaca.
It is always capitalized
 Species
It is always in small letter
Note: SN should be written in underlined
Prepared by: Jenilyn Q. Farnacio, RPh.
 Family
Name
They are always capitalized
Always ends in “ceae”
Examples:
 Prunus - rose family Rosaceae
Examples:
 roses (Rosa), apples (Malus), strawberries
(Fragaria)
Prepared by: Jenilyn Q. Farnacio, RPh.
 Family
Celery or Carrot Family- (formerly Umbelliferae) 

Name
Daisy Family- (formerly Compositae) 
(formerly Labiatae) - Mint or Nettle Family
Bean Family - (formerly Leguminosae)
Palm Family- (formerly Palmae)
Apocynaceae - Periwinkle Family
Musaceae - Banana Family
Ranunculaceae - Buttercup Family
Solanaceae - Potato Family
Scientific Method
Religious methods
-the universe is assumed to either be
created by contain deities
Ex: Crop failure might be due to a
god’s intervention (a miracle) to
reward or punish people.
 Scientific Method
Metaphysical
-Supernatural hidden forces
that can never be observed or
studied
Ex: believing in horoscope,
methods of picking numbers
Prepared by: Jenilyn Q. Farnacio, RPh.
 Scientific Method
Speculative Philosophy
-method of analyzing the world involved
thinking about it logically
- ought to develop logical explanations for
simple observations and then followed the logic
as far as possible
- no verification involved
- no actual experiment was made
Ex: Theory about atom.
Prepared by: Jenilyn Q. Farnacio, RPh.
 Scientific Method
 Source of information are documented and controlled
observations or experiments

 Phenomena that can be studied.

 Constancy and universality. Physical forces that control

the world are constant through time and are the same
everywhere.

 Basis. The fundamental basis of the scientific method is

skepticism, the principle of never being certain of a
Prepared by: Jenilyn Q. Farnacio, RPh.
 HYPOTH
ESIS
(unlike a speculation) must make predictions that can be
tested.
Example:
(1) Plants need light to grow, and
(2) plants do not need light to grow
If a hypothesis continues to match observations, we have
greater confidence that it is correct, and it may come to be
Origin and Evolution of
Natural Selection

Plants
The process through which populations of
living organisms adapt and change. This
variation means that some individuals have
traits better suited to the environment than
others.
“survival of the fittest”
 Diversification of Plants
 Plant Anatomy
– concerned with internal structure of plants
 Plant Physiology
– concerned with plant function
 Plant Taxonomy
- “plant systemics “
Finds, identifies, describes, classifies and names plants.
 Plant Geography
- the study of how and why plants are distributed where they are
 Plant Ecology
- study of the interactions of plants with one another and to their
environment
 Diversification of Plants
 Plant Morphology
– study of the form and structure of plants
 Economic Botany or Ethnobotany
– involve practical uses of plants and plant products
 Cell Biology
- study of structure and functions of cell and cell organelles and their
multiplication
 Plant Histology
- study of the different tissues of the plant
 Embryology
– study of the development of the female and male gametophytes,
formation of gametes, process of fertilization, development of embryo,
endosperm and seeds
Prepared by: Jenilyn Q. Farnacio, RPh.
 Plant Classification and

Importance

Prepared by: Jenilyn Q. Farnacio, RPh.

Plant Classification and
 Ecology
Importance
 
1.Supplies food to nearly all organisms
2.Maintains the atmosphere
3.Produce O2 and absorbs CO2.
4.Critical base for food chains
 Direct Interactions among

organisms
 Neutralism - Neither organism benefits or is harmed.
 Mutualism -Both organisms’ benefit.
 Predation -One organism benefits by harming another.
 Commensalism- One organism benefits whereas the other is
neither harmed nor helped.
 Amensalism -One organism harms another without receiving
any benefit itself.
 Competition -Both organisms harm each other.
 DOH approved Medicinal
1. Akapulko 6. Niyog – niyogan -
Plant
2.
3.
Ampalaya-
Bawang-
7. Sambong –
8. Tsaang Gubat-
4. Bayabas- 9. Pansit pansitan-
5. Lagundi- 10. Yerba Buena -

Give the uses of the 10 approved medicinal plant.

Prepared by: Jenilyn Q. Farnacio, RPh.

 SEATWOR
Objective: To creatively brainstorm the importance of plants to people.
 
K#1
Task: You are task to read an article “Algae and Global Warming”. After
reading the article, brainstorm with your partner about the different plant
and plant like organisms which helps in the elimination of CO2 in the
environment. After that, write an essay about the contribution of these
creatures to lessen global warming.
 Tools and resources: Online resources, photos, laptop
Please see attached file on “Ikonek”.

Prepared by: Jenilyn Q. Farnacio, RPh.

 GROWTH AND DIVISION
Cell Cycle
OF CELLS -  a series of events that
takes place in a cell as it
grows and divides.

Prepared by: Jenilyn Q. Farnacio, RPh.

GROWTH PHASE OF THE
- spends most of its time in what is called

CELL
interphase, and during this time it grows,
replicates its chromosomes, and
prepares for cell division. The cell then
leaves interphase, undergoes mitosis,

- and completes its division. The resulting

cells, known as daughter cells, each enter
their own interphase and begin a new round
of cell cycle
 MITOSIS
= duplication division

It is the more common

type of karyokinesis, the
method any
multicellular organism
uses as its body grows
and the number of its
cells increases. I
Prepared by: Jenilyn Q. Farnacio, RPh.
 MEIOSIS
 a type of cell division that
reduces the number of
chromosomes in the parent
cell by half and produces
four gamete cells. This
process is required to
produce egg and sperm cells
for sexual reproduction

Prepared by: Jenilyn Q. Farnacio, RPh.

  MITOSIS MEIOSIS
FUNCTION Cell multiplication Cell division

DIVISION Cytoplasmic division Cytoplasmic division and

nuclear

CELL PRODUCE Somatic / body cells Sex cells/ gametes

SET OF CHROMOSOMES Diploids (whole set of Haploids (contains half of the

chromosomes ) set of chromosomes )
 

# of chromosomes of ending cells Chromosomes- 46 Sperm – 23 chromosomes

Chromatids – 46 Egg- 23 chromosomes
 
Interphase-
Chromosomes- 46
Chromatids 92
 BINARY FISSION
Asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies.
-an organism duplicates its genetic material, or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and then divides
into two parts (cytokinesis), with each new organism receiving one copy of DNA.
 CONJUGATION
Sexual reproduction method which involves two parent cells. This
results in two genetically identical two daughter cells. 
 TRANSFORMATION
 bacterium takes in DNA from its environment, often DNA that's been
shed by other bacteria. 
 TRANSDUCTION
viruses that infect bacteria move short pieces of chromosomal DNA
from one bacterium to another "by accident.“
Bacteriophage- virus that infects bacteria
Generalizat
ion
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