Shri Sant Gajanan Maharaj College Of Engineering, Shegaon

Department Of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

(2022-2023)
FINAL YEAR SEMINAR PRESENTATION

Hydrogen- A Fuel for the

Future Presented By

Aniruddh Deshmukh (4U2)

Table of Contents

• Introduction of Hydrogen as a fuel

• History of Hydrogen
• Development of Hydrogen in World
• Development of Hydrogen in India
• Government Policies
• Conclusion
• References

2
 Hydrogen
• Hydrogen (H2) is available in abundance in the environment. It is
stored in water, hydrocarbons and other organic matter.

• Hydrogen is a versatile energy carrier with favourable characteristics

since it does not release any CO2 at the point of use as a clean fuel or
energy source, and can play an important role in the transition to a
clean, low-carbon, energy system. Hydrogen technologies and
products have significantly progressed over past years and are now
being introduced to the market.

The calorific value of Hydrogen (H2) is 33889 kcal/ kg

Comparison of Hydrogen with other fuels

Parameter Hydrogen Natural Petrol- LPG

Gas Diesel
Calorific Value (MJ/Kg) C ompariso o
120-142 49-54 41-44 46-50
Density at standard conditions
(Kg/cu.m)
Hydrog0.08 n
n 0.6 f
th ot
720-
780
her
510
Phase at Standard conditions u f eel Gas wiGas Liquid Liquid
Auto Ignition tempratures in
degrees
s500-540 580
247-
280
410-
580
Diffusion Coefficient (sq.cm/sec.) 0.61 0.16 0.05 0.11
Hydrogen Source

Hydrogen is available from a variety of sources. The percentage of

hydrogen produced by specific source are given below:

Source of Hydrogen % of H2 produced by the

specified method
Natural Gas 48%
Oil 30%
Coal 18%
Water 4%
Source: MNRE
Hydrogen Sources

6
Methods of producing Hydrogen

• Steam Methane Reforming

• Partial Oxidation
• Auto-Thermal Reforming
• Methanol Reforming
• Pyrolysis, Oxidation and Reduction of Biomass
• Electrolysis of water
• Fermentation of Organic Materials
• Thermochemical Splitting of Water
Hydrogen Production in India
The estimated hydrogen production and consumption in the country
during 2007-08 as per a study undertaken by the University of
Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun
Sector Estimated Utilization during
Production 2007-08
during 2007-08 ( Million Tonnes /
( Million Tonnes Year)
/ Year)
Fertilizer Industry 1.99 1.99 (Captive Use)
Petroleum 1.69 1.462 (Captive use)
Refineries
Chlor Alkali Industry 0.073 0.064
Total 3.753 3.516
Source: MNRE
Hydrogen Storage
• Hydrogen can be stored physically as either a gas or a liquid.

• Storage of hydrogen as a gas typically requires high-pressure tanks

(350–700 bar tank pressure).

• Storage of hydrogen as a liquid requires cryogenic temperatures

because the boiling point of hydrogen at one atmosphere pressure is
−252.8°C.
• Hydrogen can also be stored on the surfaces of solids (by adsorption)
or within solids (by absorption).
Hydrogen Storage

• High-pressure gas cylinders (up to 800 bar)

• Liquid hydrogen in cryogenic tanks (at 210 K)
• Physi-sorbed hydrogen on materials a large specific
with surface area
• Chemi-sorbed on interstitial sites in host metals and
Inter- metallic
• Chemically bonded in covalent and ionic compounds
• Oxidation of reactive metals such as. Li, Na, Mg, Al, Zn
with water
Development of Hydrogen in World

• Collaborating to make Fuel Cells and Hydrogen an everyday

reality- Belgium
• Change in Japan’s energy policy and prospects of hydrogen
energy in Japan
• Advances and Progress in the US DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
Program
• Renewable hydrogen: Decarbonising solution for the transport and
fuel sectors -Belgium
• Concentrated Solar Radiation – An option for large scale
renewable hydrogen production-Germany
• Fuel cell buses in Europe: Latest developments and
commercialisation pathway
United States
• Largest hydrogen fuelling market (>50 FCV Stations. >40%)
•Large share of forklift, bus and automotive fuelling market. (>60
dispenser, >25 Stations)
•Newest bus fuelling station supports up to 12 FC buses in Ohio
Locations
Europe
• Automotive stations primarily in the UK and Germany
• Bus fueling in London and Cologne
• Material handling demonstration with Daimler in Germany
• Submarine fueling in 5 countries via unique Dual Phase Trailer
• Air Products is involved in EU funded engineering study
NEWBUSFUEL in Hamburg and London. Dual Phase Trailer
(including CHC+ Vaporizer)

Asia
• Current focus is on Japan, Korea, China and India.
• Recently started up first FCV station in Japan for JX Nippon Oil
- AP collaborates with Nippon Steel and Suzuki Shokan in Japan
ICEF 2016-Hydrogen Energy
ICEF 2016-Hydrogen Energy
ICEF 2016-Hydrogen Energy
 Initiatives by India
• The Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources has supported
demonstration projects through Indian Oil Corporation and Society of
Indian Automobile Manufacturers. The first demonstration project was for
setting up a hydrogen dispensing station by the Indian Oil Corporation at
their own petrol pump at Dwarka, New Delhi.
• The dispensing station has been commissioned during 2008-09 and has
an electrolysers with 5 Nm3/hr hydrogen production capacity (about 11
kg/day). Hydrogen produced from the eletrolyser is being blended with
CNG for use in demonstration and test vehicles.
• The project is expected to help in acquiring working experience in
handling hydrogen for use in vehicles and also provide field performance
feed back on hydrogen-CNG blends as a fuel in automobiles.
Development of Hydrogen Energy in India
• Hydrogen energy is at present only at the Research, Development and
Demonstration (RD&D) stage.
• The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is supporting a broad
based RD&D projects on different aspects of hydrogen energy
technologies including hydrogen production, its storage and
utilization for stationary, motive and portable power generation
applications using internal combustion engines and fuel cell
technologies.
• The focus of RD&D efforts in this area is directed towards
development of new materials, processes, components, sub- systems
and systems.
Ongoing Projects
• A Novel process for production of hydrogen from renewable and
fossil fuel based liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons by non- thermal
plasma reformation technique (CIMFR, Dhanbad)
• Development and Demonstration of hydrogen fuelled three wheelers
(BHU, Varanasi)
• Development and Demonstration of Diesel Hydrogen Dual Fuel SUV
(Mahindra & Mahindra, Chengalpattu)
• Mission Mode Project on Hydrogen Production through Biological
Routes (IIT Kharagpur)
• Mission Mode Project on Hydrogen Storage Materials (Hydrides) :
R&D (BHU, Varanasi)
• Mission Mode Project on Hydrogen Storage in Carbon Materials (IIT
Madras, Chennai)
 Government Policies
• In 2006, India constituted a National Hydrogen Energy Board and
readied a National Hydrogen Energy Road Map (NHERM) to
accelerate the development of the hydrogen energy sector.
• The NHERM covered all aspects of hydrogen energy use such as its
production, storage, transport, delivery, application, codes and standards,
public awareness and capacity building, and formed the basis of India’s
hydrogen energy programme.
• India has set up the target of one million vehicles based on hydrogen
energy and 1000 MW of power generating capacity based on hydrogen
energy by 2023.
• A budget allocation of Rs.2,765 crore in total till 2022 for adoption of
hydrogen as fuel.
Government’s Plan for Hydrogen Energy
Benefits of using Hydrogen as Fuel

• Hydrogen can be used as fuel in automobile

• When burnt, hydrogen produces water as a by-product. It is,
therefore, not only an efficient energy carrier but a clean and
environmentally benign fuel as well.
• Hydrogen can substitute petrol and diesel can and therefore,
reduce our dependence on imports.
• Hydrogen is used as a fuel in aeronautical industry (rockets)
Drawbacks of hydrogen as fuel

• Electrolysis and steam reforming, the two main processes of

hydrogen extraction are extremely expensive.
• Hydrogen needs to be stored under very high pressure
(350-700 psi).
• Compared to gas, hydrogen lacks smell, which makes any leak
detection almost impossible.
• Hydrogen also presents challenges when considering moving it in
large quantities, which is why it’s mostly only transported in small
batches.
Drawbacks of hydrogen as fuel
• Hydrogen is an energy carrier rather than an energy source.
While hydrogen always exists in conjunction with other
elements, such as in water, it must be separated from these
elements and is therefore considered an energy carrier, as
opposed to an energy source.

• Existing infrastructure has not been built to accommodate

hydrogen fuel
Applications of hydrogen
• Petroleum refining
• Glass purification
• Semiconductor manufacturing
• Aerospace applications
• Fertilizer production
• New markets are emerging for industrial trucks (e.g., forklifts) and
passenger cars powered by hydrogen fuel cells.
• Aerospace applications
• Fertilizer production
• Welding, annealing and heat-treating metals
• Pharmaceuticals
• For hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids in vegetable oil
Conclusion
• As discussed, Hydrogen is a fuel having a high heat value and
benefits of being a green fuel. Also with increased focus by
countries across the world in R&D of extracting hydrogen, it is
certain that Hydrogen would be the fuel of the future.
• Hydrogen storage is still the major issue of concern, and lot of
work is still expected on this sector
• Considering Indian economy, switching to hydrogen will surely
decrease the oil imports of nation and dependency on other nations
for energy resource supply.
References
• http://www.mnre.gov.in
• http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/abridged-nherm.pdf
• http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/hydrogen/tech.html
• https://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/hydrogen.html
• http://mnre.gov.in/schemes/new-technologies/hydrogen-energy/
Thank You!