A LNH LDGM

N
B LNLXGE U
OXKLZ
U VLE GL… .
.
I M AGDW…
..
I M AGDW…
..
X K M X EDLMZ….
E KM Z M E XLZ GU XGE U
EMN J L GNKLZGXLH . . .
GENETICS:

Xkl stuhy oi

inherited characteristics

mnh tkl wmy tkly mrl pmsslh on,

iroa onl generation to another .

INKEZITEH
CKMZMCTEZISTICS?
KOR? B M A L X L U VZ O H \ E XGO N ↚
I LZXGDGU M XGO
N
INKEZITEH
CKMZMCTEZISTICS ?

I rlecdls
I N K E Z I T E H CKMZMCTEZISTICS?

Aquiline nose
I N K E Z I T E H CKMZMCTEZISTICS?

Ability to roll tongue in a U shape

I N K E Z I T E H CKMZMCTEZISTICS?

Cleft chin
I N K E Z I T E H CKMZMCTEZISTICS?

Widow's peak
B LNLA DO B GC XZLL / VLH GB ZLL
CONCLVXU
• Koaologous chroaosoaes
• Bene
• Hoainant/Zecessive
• Alleles
• Koaozygous/Keterozygous
• B enotype/Vhenotype
A g e n e is a segment of
D N A that encodes a
characteristic or a

function.
C H RO M O S O M E S :
Two sets of chromosomes:
one maternal

one panatdernal
With the genetic information for
the
same genes or characteristics
(having/not having freckles).
V H a t e Or n M a d
OCDa tO
A HeBr ROnUaOSd M O S O M E S :

Two sets of chromosomes:

one maternal
and
one paternal

E y e co do r
An allele is one of the possible versions

of a gene (characteristic):

A or a

An individual inherits two alleles for

each gene, one paternal and one
maternal.
Gf the two alleles are the same, the
individual is homozygous for that
gene:
AA

homozygous or homozygote or
pure-
bred
If the alleles are different, the
individual is heterozygous:
Aa

heterozygous or
heterozygote or
An itallele is d o m
is always i n a n t if
noticed
when it is present.
An allele is recessive
when it is only noticed
in homocygous,

not in heterocygous.
 V\
NNL XX
U] \
MZ L

J >j
 G E N OT Y P E : alleles combination:

Bb

PHENOTYPE: expression of the alleles

combination:

Characteristic: Brown eyes

XZ M GXU EKOULN J W
ALNHLD
ALNHLD‗U DMRU
 ALNHLD‗U DMRU
2nd Mendel's Law: Principle of segregation
When two individuals from the first
filial generation (F1 of previous case)
are crossed (self-pollination), the

seconddi f f iel iraelngt et rnaei tr sat(i goenn(oFt

2y)psehso).w two 25% white

75% purple
 ALNHLD‗U DMRU
3rd Mendel's Lawas: sPorri nt mciepnl et of
independent
When two individuals from the first filial generation (F1 of previous
filial generation (F1 of previous case)
Wh ceanstew) oar(F2)i ne dcs ihrvoow
i ds
twuse
o daidf lf sethe
(rfesrnetotlm t sto(g
r af i-p hlen
eli ontw
f iayr p
stoie
ton), the e
osr).mor
are crossed (self-pollination),
characteristics are crossed,
different
sWechoendt wf i loi ailngdei vniedruaat il sont h at ha ve
each trait is transmitted
seconddi f f iel iraelngt et rnaei rt sat(i goenn(oFt2y)p independently from the rest.
25% white 50% purple
sehso2).w5%t wwohi t e
50% purple

...but this is not true

for two traits coded
by two genes in the
same chromosome!
Achondroplasia (Acondroplasia)

Abnormal bones growth

Two people affected by achondroplasia had two
children, one affected and one not affected.
Is achondroplasia a dominant or a recessive
characteristic? Why? What are the genotypes of

the parents?

Dos acondroplá sicos tuvieron un hijo

acondroplá sico y después un hijo normal.
¿Es la acondroplasia un cará cter
dominante o
dos
pmhrls?
UL[

HL X L ZA GNMXGO
N
XKL GNKLZGXMNEL O I
XZMGXU E O H L H J W B L N L U
D O E M X L H GN X K L
[ EKZOAOUOAL
r r Z
[ [ [
W
Gi m non eodor j dinh amn
mnh m eodor j dinh woamn
kmvl m non eodor j dinh
hmubktlr, emn tkly kmvl m
eodor j dinh son mdso?

Rky?
VMZXGMDDW
DGNC L H R GX K U L [
 I L A MDL AMDL

2N=32 N=16

I L A MDL
AMDL
Environmental determination of sex
 YMZGMXGO
•
N
Quantitative
• Range

• Several genes + environmental

factors
YMZGMXGO
N
• Qualitative
• No range 1 yes or no
• Not affecteh j y environmental factors
U V E E G M D EMUEU0
AENHED‗U DMRU
E[ E EVXGON
U
 Intermediate
inheritance
or
Incomplete dominance

P
Lxpression o i j ot h
alleles0 in Keterozybotes
we can see j ot h
phenotypes.
Dethal Benes
 M ULT I P L E A L LE LE S
Mo r e t h a n two possible alleles for one characteristic,

b u t one individual can only have two anyway….

> > >
EODOZ
(Quantitative inheritance)
 GNK L Z GXMNE
L
Several Pairs of alleles have a n additive effect
in phenotype
GE GU
A
Locus in singular, loci in plural
 DGNCLH
BLNLS

EKZOAO
SOAL

EKZOAO
S O AL S
 LINKED
GENES
&
Recombination

A L GOUGU A L GOUGU
(Vr opk asl (Xl l opk asl
G) GG)
Xypes of chromosomes
Chr omosome M a p p i n g : Locating loci of genes

in a chromosome
Chr omosome M a p p i n g : Locating loci of genes

in a chromosome