APPLICATION OF CFD IN VEHICLE

AERODYNAMICS
 Content
◦ Purpose

◦ Basics

◦ CFD Part

◦ Industrial examples
 Introduction

Study of fluid(air) interaction with moving vehicle

Aerodynamic forces can
not be considered at low
• Drag velocity
• Fuel Consumption
• Flow separation • Wind Noise
• Stability • Downward Force
 Physical Test vs Virtual Test
oCombination of both physical test and computational test has to be performed
to adjust the cost, time, and quality of product
oPhysical test which are impossible to perform, virtual test have big advantage
◦ combustion process, swirl motion of fuel

oAdvantage : Keep the product under virtual test until the product is finalized
and then start performing physical tests for co-relation study
oCheck and understand the deviation of physical vs computational test,
deviation limit, and deviation causes

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS 4

 Bernoulli’s Principle

a b

Flow is governed by pressure difference

Boundary Layer Theory
How far a surface can affect the flow
Free Stream

Temperature profile

Viscous Force between layers

=> Newton’s Law of Viscosity
No-Slip Condition

Wall

Surface => friction => Zero Velocity

 Flow Separation
Flow : High pressure to low pressure

Pressure gradient along the surface: Flow attached

Pressure gradient – positive

• Flow attached to surface

Pressure gradient – zero

• Separation point A : free-stream
B : near boundary
Pressure gradient – negative Flow acceleration
• Flow separated from the surface C : above surface
• Creates low pressure area i.e. suction Flow retardation
D : near surface
COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS 7
 Flow Interaction
HIGH Pressure C D
LOW Pressure B
Frontal Area
A Shape of object E

HIGH Pressure LOW Pressure

Stagnation point Suction
 Vehicle Development
Upper Body – contributes 45% drag
Under body – contributes 25% drag Development ?
Wheels – contributes 30% drag
 The Challenge!
Climate Control Aero system
 Airflow for heat exchangers  Drag from body
Aero system
 Additional components
 Drag from underhood
 Draft
components

Thermal System
 Airflow for underhood thermal
management

Thermal System Aero system

 Airflow for underbody thermal  Drag from underbody
management components
 Wheels
 Why CFD?
o“N” prototypes
Analytical solutionfor “N”on
based number of tests
many assumptions
Computational Methodology
oLimitations in real time testing
• Flow simulation to predict the aerodynamics drag
o
• Cost ofattachment,
Flow testing separation
Model
o complexity
Development time
• Heat exchangers, underhood/underbody, moving ground, rotating wheel
o Reliability
Design of testing data
Alternate
• Environment
o Rapid design change and it’s effect
conditions
Data analysis capability
• Statics
• Optimization
Vehicle Soiling
Let’s Discuss