OUTLINING

Prepared by: Ms. Rosan Joy D. Casco

WHAT IS OUTLINING?
 Process of organizing one’s ideas in logical way. It helps the writer
what to include and not to include.
WHAT ARE THE COMMON
OUTLINE PATTERNS THAT ARE
BEING USED IN WRITING?
A. introduction- body- conclusion or the IBC
format.
B. introduction- methodology- Results- Discussion
or the IMRAD.
 IBC FORMAT
a. Introduction-Body- Conclusion or the IBC format
I. Introduction
1. Back ground
2. Thesis Statement
II. Body
1. Major Support 1
A. Minor Support
B. Minor Support
2. Major Support 2
A. Minor Support
B. Minor Support
3. Major Support 3
A. Minor Support
B. Minor Support
III. Conclusion
 IMRAD
 I. Introduction

1.Background
2.Research problem
3. Scope and limitation
II. Materials and Methods
1. Participants
2. Procedure
3. Instrument
III. Results.
IV. Discussions, Summary, Conclusions, Recommendations
 Introduction INTRODUCTION

METHODS

 Body

RESULT

 Conclusion DISCUSSIONS
 LET’S TRY
 Many people don’t know the difference between a patent and a trademark. However, the terms
trademark and patent aren't synonyms, they refer to different things. Granted for a specific
number of years, a patent protects both the name of a product and its method of manufacture.
In 1928, for example, Jacob Schick invented and then patented the electric razor in an effort to
maintain complete control of his creation. Similarly, between 1895 and 1912, no one but the
Shredded Wheat company was allowed to make shredded wheat because the company had the
patent. A trademark is a name, symbol, or other device that identifies a product and makes it
memorable in the minds of consumers. Kleenex, JELL-O, and Xerox are all examples of
trademarks. Aware of the power that trademarks possess, companies fight to protect them.
They do not allow anyone else to use one without permission. Occasionally, though, a
company gets careless and loses control of a trademark. Aspirin, for example, is no longer
considered a trademark, and any company can call a pain-reducing tablet an aspirin.
 Thesis Statement:
 Support1
 a.
 b.
 Support 2
 a.
 b.
 Thesis Statement: The difference between a patent and a trademark.

 Support1 However, the terms trademark and patent aren't synonyms, they refer to different things. Granted for a
specific number of years, a patent protects both the name of a product and its method of manufacture

 a. In 1928, for example, Jacob Schick invented and then patented the electric razor in an effort to maintain complete
control of his creation.

 b. Similarly, between 1895 and 1912, no one but the Shredded Wheat company was allowed to make shredded wheat
because the company had the patent.

 Support 2 A trademark is a name, symbol, or other device that identifies a product and makes it
memorable in the minds of consumers.
 a. Kleenex, JELL-O, and Xerox are all examples of trademarks. Aware of the power that trademarks possess,
companies fight to protect them. They do not allow anyone else to use one without permission.

 b. Occasionally, though, a company gets careless and loses control of a trademark. Aspirin, for example, is no longer
considered a trademark, and any company can call a pain-reducing tablet an aspirin .
ADDITIONAL TIPS!
GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN
OUTLINING
 Parallelism
 Coordination
 Subordination
 Division
PARALLELISM
 1. Nouns should be made parallel with nouns, verbs with verbs; This will enable the reader to
recognize similarity and function. This will enable the outline to be expressed in parallel
sentence structure.
 Example:

 Blessed are the poor in spirit; for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
 Blessed are they that mourn; for they shall be comforted.
 Blessed are the meek; for they shall inherit the earth.
Blessed are the poor in spirit; for theirs is the
kingdom of heaven.
Blessed are they that mourn; for they shall be
comforted.
Blessed are the meek; for they shall inherit the
earth.
LORD RANDAL (1803)
 ‘O where ha’ you been, Lord Randal, my son?
And where ha’ you been, my handsome young man?’
‘I ha’ been at the greenwood; mother, mak my bed soon,
For I’m wearied wi’ hunting, and fain wad lie down.

 ‘An wha met ye there, Lord Randal, my son?

An wha met you there, my handsome young man?’
‘O I met wi my true-love; mother, mak my bed soon,
For I’m wearied wi’ hunting, and fain wad lie down.’
COORDINATION
 2. Items of equal significance in the same category or label. 

 Headings = using Roman Numerals

 Subheadings = Arabic Letters

 I. Definition of Communication
 II. Functions of Communication
 III. Forms of Communication
 A. Oral
 B. Written
SUBORDINATION
 3. Though its most important and least important details. 
Writer should distinguish major and minor components of
the outline
DIVISION
 4. Basic rule is to have two or more parts and this division should be

 based on rank/level/category.

 Example:

 I. Preparing for a Test

 A. Review the lessons

 B. Take down notes

 C. Sleep early

 D. Have a good breakfast

 II. Taking the Test

 A. Concentrate

 B. Read the questions

 C. Answer the test

 WHAT ARE THE
GENERAL RULES WHEN
WRITING AN OUTLINE?
 1. FOLLOW THIS FORMAT

 MAIN TOPICS = ROMAN NUMERALS (I, II, III) 

 Sub – topics = CAPITAL LETTERS (A,B,C)
 Details under capital letters = Arabic numbers (1, 2, 3)
 Details under Arabic numbers are shown by small letters (a, b, c)
 Details under small letters = ((1), (2), (3))
 Details under Arabic numbers in parentheses (a) (b)
I……………. ROMAN NUMERALS
A…………. CAPITAL LETTERS
1…………… Arabic numbers
a……………
(1)…………..
(a)…………
 2. First letter must be capitalized.

 3. Any point must have at least two (2) sub points

 4. Use either the sentence or phrase (topic/words) for each

point.

 5. Be consistent.