POWER PRODUCING PLANTS

GEOTHERMAL PLANT
Geothermal plants use heat from the
earth’s core to heat water or another working
fluid. The working fluid is then used to turn a
turbine of a generator, thereby producing
electricity.
HYDROELECTRIC PLANT

Hydroelectric plants capture the energy of

falling water to generate electricity. A turbine
converts the kinetic energy of falling water into
mechanical energy. Then a generator converts the
mechanical energy from the turbine to electrical
energy.
NUCLEAR PLANT
Nuclear power plants or nuclear power
stations are thermal power stations in which
the heat source is a nuclear reactor. Similar
with all conventional thermal power stations,
the heat is used to generate steam which drives
a steam turbine connected to an electric
generator which produces electricity.
BIOMASS PLANT
Energy from biomass plant is a carbon-
neutral electricity from renewable organic
waste that would otherwise be dumped in
landfills, openly burned, or left as fodder for
forest fire.
WIND TURBINE FARM / PLANT
Wind turbine farm convert mechanical energy
taken from wind into electricity. Components
include generator, batteries, inverters, and rotor
systems. These can either be stand-alone and/or
grid connected, horizontal axis type or vertical axis
type.
SOLAR FARM / PLANT

Solar farm use PV cells, which are

power-generating devices that produce
direct current when exposed to light PV
cells are constructed of a
semiconducting material, usually silicon.
ELECTRICAL MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT
CONDUCTORS
• Conductors are materials which allow
the free flow of electrons through
them.
• Substance, body, or device that
conducts heat, sound, or electricity.
TYPES OF CONDUCTORS
CONDUCTORS

WIRES
WIRES - Are single insulated conductors #8 AWG or smaller.
WIRES
 STRANDED
AWG mm2
#14 2.0 mm2
#12 3.5 mm2
#10 5.5 mm2
#8 8 mm2
#6 14 mm2
#4 22 mm2
#3 -
#2 30 mm2
#1 38 mm2
#0 50 mm2
#00 60 mm2
#000 80 mm2
#0000 100 mm2
 SOLID
AWG mm
#14 1.6 mm
#12 2.0 mm
#11 2.6 mm
#8 3.2 mm
COMMERCIAL STANDARDS
• PER LINEAR METER
• 150 METER PER BOX - #14, #12, #10
• 100 METER PER BOX - #8
TYPES OF WIRE IN AN ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
 WIRES
• Pliable strand
• Twisted
• Woven

• #8, #10, #12,

#14 AWG

SOLID STRANDED
• mm • mm2
INSULATED BARE
TYPES OF CONDUCTORS
CONDUCTORS

WIRES CABLES
CABLES - Are single insulated conductors #6 AWG or larger.

- Several conductors of any size assembled into a single unit.

- Are manufactured in stranded forms.
COMMERCIAL STANDARDS

• PER LINEAR METER

COIL
REEL
 CABLES

• #6 AWG & above

SOLID STRANDED

INSULATED BARE
1. ARMORED CABLE (TYPE AC)
An armored cable is a fabricated assembly of insulated
conductors enclosed in a flexible metal sheath
2. METAL CLAD CABLE (MC)
A metal clad cable is a factory-assembled cable of one or
more conductors each individually insulated and enclosed in a
metallic sheath of interlocking tape of a smooth or corrugated
tube.
3. MINERAL INSULATED CABLE (TYPE MI)

A mineral insulated cable is a factory-assembled

conductor/s insulated with a highly compressed refractory
mineral insulation enclosed in a liquid and gas tight continuous
sheath.
4. NON-METALLIC SHEATHED CABLE (TYPE NM or NMC)

A non-metallic sheathed cable is a factory assembly of

two or more insulated conductors having a moisture
resistant, flame retardant, and non-metallic material outer
sheath.
5. SHIELDED NON-METALLIC SHEATHED CABLE
(TYPE SNM)

Is a factory assembly of two or more insulated conductors

in an extruded core of moisture resistant and flame-
retardant material covered within an overlapping spiral
metal tape.
6. UNDERGROUND FEEDER AND BRANCH CIRCUIT CABLE
(TYPE UF)

Are moisture resistant cables used for underground

connections including direct burial in the ground as feeder or
branch circuit.
7. SERVICE ENTRANCE CABLE (TYPE SE or USE)

A service entrance cable is a single or multi-

conductor assembly provided with or without
an overall covering primarily used for service
wire.
8. POWER AND CONTROL TRAY CABLE (TYPE TC)

Is a factory-assembled cable of two or more

insulated conductors with or without associated
bare or covered grounding under metallic sheath.
9. FLAT CABLE ASSEMBLIES (TYPE FC)

Are assemblies of parallel conductors formed

integrally with an insulating material web designed
especially for field installation in square structural
channels.
10. FLAT CONDUCTOR CABLE (TYOE FCC)

Consists of 3 or more flat copper conductors

placed edge to edge separated and enclosed within
an insulating assembly.
11. MEDIUM VOLTAGE CABLE (MV)

Is a single or multi-conductor solid dielectric

insulated cable rated at 2,000 to 35,000 volts.
12. SUBMARINE CABLE

Refers to any kind of cable (electrical or

communication) that is laid on the seabed.
13. LOW SMOKE HALOGEN-FREE (TYPE LSHF)

Available in wires and in cables. It produces less

smoke when burned and releases little or no
halogen gas.
14. THERMOSTAT CABLE

Used in applications with voltages less than 30 such

as wiring to doorbells, chimes, thermostats, and it
generally contains AWG 16or AWG 18 conductors
that are bundled in a thin plastic sheath.
15. CORD

Are made of stranded conductors within a flexible

insulated sheathing material.
TYPES OF CONDUCTORS
CONDUCTORS

WIRES CABLES BUS BARS

BUSBARS
Are large conductors which are not circular in cross
section and frequently used for large power
distributions.
 BUSBARS

SOLID BARE

• Least dimension – 1/8 X ½

• Large dimension – 3/4 X 12
INSULATORS
• Are materials which prevent the flow of electrons
through them.
COMMON TYPES OF INSULATORS
1. PIN TYPE INSULATORS
Are insulators that are secured to the cross-arm on
the pole.
2. SUSPENSION TYPE INSULATORS

Are insulation that consist of a number of

porcelain discs connected in series by metal links in
the form of a string.
4. SHACKLE INSULATORS

Are frequently used for low voltage (<11 kV)

distribution lines. Can be used either in a horizontal
or vertical position and can be directly fixed to the
pole with a bolt or to the cross arm.
 RACEWAYS

Is an enclosed channel, such as conduit, tube or gutter

designed for holding wires, cables or busbars. These are
either made of metal, plastic or any insulating medium.
 RACEWAYS

CONDUITS WIREWAY CABLE BUSWAY FLOOR

TRAY RACEWAYS

CEILING
RACEWAYS
 CONDUITS
A circular raceway for communication and
electrical wires and cables.
 CONDUITS
Tube, pipe, or duct
Per diameter
Per linear meter

Metallic Non- Metallic

IMC, RSC, EMT PVC, PE
 WIREWAY

A wireway is a sheet metal or flame-resistant

plastic trough, designed to enclose and loosely hold
wires and small diameter cables.
 CABLE TRAY

Is a rigid metal channel which insulated electric

conductors run. It is an assembly consisting of ladder-like
metal framework on the bottom and sides to open.
 CABLE BUS

A combination of cable and busbars in a single metal

enclosure.
 BUSWAY / BUS DUCT

Usually a prefabricated raceway which is used to

enclose and protect bus running through it.
 FLOOR RACEWAYS

Are assemblies of raceways that are found on the floor.