UTILIZATION OF PASSIVE FRICTION DAMPER IN

BEAM COLUMN JOINT

Presented by:
Under the supervision of:
Daniyal Hussain Wani
Dr. Reema GoyaL
M.E Structural Engg.
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Civil Engineering
TIET, Patiala
September, 2021

THAPAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, PATIALA 10/22/22

Table of Content:

• Introduction
• Structural Control System
• Aim and Objective
• Literature Review
• Conclusion
• Experimental Methodoly
• Results and Conclusion
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Introduction:
• From the past years and present records, the world
has experienced number of earthquakes, causing an
increase in the loss of economy, infrastructure and
human lives due to structural collapse and severe
damages to structures.

• The damage caused to buildings by earthquakes has

demonstrated the need for a seismic design
methodology that is performance-based and also the
post-earthquake damage state of the structure is
considered

• Serious efforts have been undertaken to develop the

structural strategies into a workable technology and
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such strategies are implemented in structures.
Structural Control System:
Structural control systems are also called as Motion Control Systems. It refers to the
integration of new technology in older/pre-seismic code-designed buildings to make them
earthquake resistant and render new buildings that are damaged due to the seismic activity to
make them safe to use. The foremost broadly utilized techniques for seismic protection of the
structures are sub grouped on following two approaches:

• Conventional approach

• Modern approach

• Conventional Approach : providing the building with strength, stiffness and inelastic
deformation capacity which are great enough to withstand a given level of earthquake-
generated force which is generally accomplished through the selection of an appropriate
structural member size, configuration and the careful detailing of structural members.

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Modern Approach: The modern approach of control systems refers to addition of

damping to the structure by installing devices in the structure to change or adjust

the dynamic performance of the structure. Adding damping increases the structural

energy dissipating capacity and altering stiffness prevents resonance due to external

excitation thus reducing structural seismic responses. The primary gatherings of

control systems being used are as follows:

• Passive Control System.

• Active Control System.

• Hybrid control System.

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Damping System:
The objective of utilizing dampers to reduce structure responses and to mitigate damage or
collapse of structures from severe earthquakes by participating energy dissipations. With
the improvement of modeling techniques and development of new computational
methodologies, use of dampers has become a mature technology in designing of new
structures and retrofitting of existing facilities.

Dampers: are the devices which are used to

absorb or dissipate the energy caused by the
earthquake and to increase the damping and
stiffness of the structure.

Types of Dampers:

• Friction Damper.

• Viscous Damper.

• Tuned Mass Damper. 6

 Friction dampers :
• Friction dampers are damping elements that
convert the kinetic energy of moving components
into thermal energy, thus reducing the excitation
energy due to the earthquake

• Friction dampers are devices that use dry friction to

dissipate energy of a system in order to limit its
vibratory response. They work by keeping in
contact two surfaces that move relative to each
other in order to generate friction.

• Friction dampers are very effective dissipaters of

energy, owing to which these have been
incorporated at different locations of the world.
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 Aim:
• Develop an affordable friction damper in order to mitigate the damages in a
beam-column joints and to compare the response of beam-column joint installed
with proposed damper with conventional joint under cyclic loading.

Objective:
• To design and develop an effective and affordable frictional damper with waste

rubber tire on steel friction interface.

• To install proposed damper at beam-column joint interface and to compare its

cyclic behavior with conventional specimen.

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Literature Review:
• From centuries the earthquake catastrophe has resulted in loss of lives and damage
to the structures especially buildings. In order to mitigate these ill effects, the
earthquake resistant design for buildings was introduced.

• The introduction of these design codes made awareness towards strengthening the
RCC framed structures. The RCC framed structures were provided with ductility in
order to with stand the dynamic loading and to limit the cracks. Therefore, the
concept of supplemental damping was introduced at the same time in order to
separate the load bearing elements from the energy dissipating system.

• Many researchers in this field have done studies in order to provide a better solution
for safeguarding the structure. Following is the research and development in this
domain
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Seismic Performance of Rotational
Friction Dampers:
 Jarahi et al., 2020
Presented optimal design of RFD to enhance
seismic performance of inelastic SMRF. The
design, performance and efficiency depends
upon the frictional moment and length of its
rigid beam. The damper exhibits better overall
seismic performance when compared to the
uncontrolled structure subjected to earthquakes

 Mulla & Koss, 2017

professed rotational damper as an energy
dissipation device to protect high rise structures
and concluded that by adding friction layers in
RFD, the device’s damping capacity can be
increased the proposed damper proves to be
economical and efficient in dissipating input
energy, reducing dynamic responses. 10
 Sanati et al., 2014
Incorporated viscoelastic pads in RFD which were
used in heat dissipation along with already present
friction discs in the device. Thus, input energy has
been efficiently disposed off in the form of heat and
friction. Configurationally set up of dampers was also
kept rearranging in order to reach maximum
performance where energy input got decreased,
consequently increasing heat dissipation.

 Kim et al., 2011

Introduce a combination of rotational frictional
damper and high strength tendons which enhances the
seismic as well as the progressive collapse resisting
capacity of existing structures. Non-linear static and
dynamic analysis was carried out on the structure
retrofitted with the rotational friction damper and the
conclusion manifests that the progressive collapse 11
resistance of the structure is significantly enhanced.
Seismic Performance of Friction
Dampers in Pre-Cast Structures:
 Wang et al., 2018
Proposed a technique to strengthen precast
pre-stressed beam column joint. During
ground motion pre-stressed tendons are
supposed to remain in elastic state so that it
can offer self-centering ability to the precast
structure.

 Latour et al., 2015

Proposed a DST (double slit tee) connections
along with friction pads at the beam flange. The
proposed DST connection in combination with
friction damper was very economic. Better
energy dissipation performance was exhibited
by such an innovative technique.
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 Guo et al., 2014
Proposed self centering wall of precast
concrete with friction dampers. Friction device
was placed between wall and the column.
Reverse cycling test on proposed wall
attached with friction damper exhibited that
primary structure remains under elastic state
due to great extent of energy dissipation.

Morgan & Kurama, 2004

came up with a new kind of fiction damper for
precast post tension beam column joint. By
applying the friction damper at the beam
column joint the gap opening is utilized to
initiate the slip force in the damper. The slip of
friction interfaces leads to the dissipation of
energy at the joint and mitigate the damage. 13
Seismic Performance of Friction
Damper with Bracing Frame:
 Aval et al., 2013
Drafted a amalgam of friction damper and bracings
for the energy dissipation. Espousing appropriate
slid load and maximum sliding movement the
hybrid damper integrates both friction and circular
yielding damper.

 Hakimi et al., 2004

carried out a study on pall friction damper installed
at the center with the help of chevron bracing. Due
to rotation and axial deformation the kinetic energy
is converted into heat energy. Hence, in this way
energy is dispelled. Aspect ratio of damper should
be in accordance with the aspect ratio of bracing
for enhancing efficiency of damper.
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 Aiken et al., 2004
conducted an experimental study on various
types of energy dissipation devices and
compared their performance. Friction dampers
attached at the bracing frame were tested. The
hysteresis behavior of friction damper was
found to be regular and large rectangular area.
This indicated good extent of energy dissipation.

 Cherry & Filliatrault, 1993

studied novel fiction damper proposed by Paul
and Marsh in 1982 with braced frame in the
structure. The functioning of the friction
damped brace frame with conventional
movement resisting frame was compared. The
friction device was placed at an intersection of
Cross bearings.
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Seismic performance of friction
dampers in frame structure :
 Jiang et al., 2019
Put forward a new replaceable type damper based on the
concept of mutilation control namely earthquake-resilient
pre-fabricated column flange beam-column joint
(PCFBCJ). The hysteresis behavior of the PCFBCJ was
observed stable during constant amplitude loading and had
magnificent load carrying capacity, strength, and post-
earthquake performance.

 Nabid et al., 2013

inferred a method based on performance optimization for
the seismic design of a non-linear friction-based wall
damper. The friction-based damper was considered as one
of the appropriate passive control device systems for the
seismic rehabilitation and strengthening of substandard
structures due to its adequate energy dissipation
capabilities and high adjustability.
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 Kaur et al., 2012
Inferred friction damper for the study of
earthquake response of buildings ranging from
mid to high-rise. The conclusion stands that
among all the types of structures, one with the
friction dampers has lesser top floor
displacements.

 Way & Erri et al., 1996

averred friction device consisting of lead bronze
interface with stainless steel stressed with a bolt
was used. The rotation at the joint forces the
slippage at beam flange having these frictional
interfaces hence, dissipating the energy. He also
concluded that welded connection can be
replaced thoroughly with slotted bolted 17
connection.
Rehabilitation of Existing Structure
using friction dampers:
 Pasquin et al., 2004
carried out rehabilitation of a 10 story Eaton’s
building built with concrete and steel frames in
1925 in Montréal. Friction damper was chosen
as an alternative to rehabilitate the structure as
the conventional techniques like bracing and
shear walls obscure the architectural design.
Around 161 dampers were installed with aid of
diagonal and chevron bracings.

 Pall & Pall, 1996

inferred that various merits that give frictional
dampers an edge over the other type of dampers
are non-dependency on temperature and
velocity incorporation of stiffness. The
frictional dampers pioneered by Paul and later
143 friction devices were installed at library of
Concordia University. 18
Design Parameters Recorded:
Energy dissipation:
 Jiang et al., 2019
recorded the dissipation energy of each sample by
examining the enclosed area of the hysteresis loops.
Among all the specimens, the energy dispelled by
the specimen CSJ-2 is the largest resulting from the
utilization of sliding and plastic deformation of the
cover plate of the flange. Specimen CSJ-2 dissipates
10% more energy than basic specimen CSJ-1.
 Sahoo et al., 2015
considered the area under the load-displacement
curves at different drift ratios. At a drift ratio of
10%, both the samples dissipated the same
magnitude of energy 28kn/mm which was about
85% higher energy dissipated than the sample
SAFYD-A at the same drift level indicating wider
web plate results in higher dissipation of energy.
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Displacement:
 Jaraahi et al.,2020
has drawn comparison between frames with
and without RFD for maximum and residual
displacement under 4 different earthquakes.
the reductions of 68%, 49%, 54%, and 44%
in maximum roof displacement for frames
with RFD as compared to bare frame
subjected to North bridge, Morgan Hill,
Loma Prieta, and San Fermando
respectively were recorded.

 Sanati et.al., 2014

inferred that due to the induction of the
RFVD in the frames, the displacement of the
frame is found to be decreased as depicted
by the graph. The reduction in displacement
is due to the increase in the lateral stiffness
as they provide bracing systems to the frame
in addition to energy dissipation. 20
Interstory Drift:
 Miguel et al., 2015
compared the maximum lateral drift of the
unrestrained structure with that installed with
dampers for each story. The decrease in maximum
inter-story drift for each story varied between 43%
and 67%. The minimum decrease in inter-story drift
was perceived in the sixth story with a reduction of
about 43%.
 Kim et al., 2009
Compare the maximum lateral drift of the
structures with and without damper and recorded
the responses. It is observed that due to the
installation of the damper the inter-story drift has
decreased in the three-story structure model and the
inter-story drifts are well below the target drift as
the structure deforms in shear beam mode.

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Conclusion
• Application of damping devices has been done to evaluate the global performance
of the structure so far. Modicum literature is available on influence of friction
dampers in local performance. Nonetheless, some literature witness use of
rotational dampers and use of friction dampers with bracings and in precast beam
column joints.
• The damper installed in new or retrofitted building should yield or slip before the
shear resistance of main structure is reached
• Efficacy of friction damper devices is outstanding in energy dissipation which has
led to numerous installations at various locations around the world.
• The design, performance and efficiency of rotational frictional damper depends
upon frictional moment and length of its vertical rigid beam.
• The damping capacity of the rotational friction damper can be increased by adding
frictional layers.
• Rotational friction dampers with high strength tendons enhances the seismic as
well as the collapse resisting of existing structures.
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• Friction damper with bracing frame can be utilized for the rehabilitation of existing
braces which are designed based on the resistance of tension forces which tends to
annihilate the conventional drawbacks such as compression buckling and early
tension yielding of bracing members.
• Hysteresis behavior, displacement, energy dissipation, inter-story drift, stiffness
ratio and slip load are the important parameters to be considered while designing
friction damper.
• Generally, friction interfaces comprises of metallic surfaces especially steel. brass,
and copper. However, with passage of time these surfaces have possibility of facing
corrosion. These posses doubt on durability of metallic friction surface.
• Friction dampers devices can be successfully installed in RC structures for local
performance up-gradation. Successive local up-gradation can ultimately lead to
global up-gradation.

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Experimental Methodology:
The flowchart shows step-by-steps followed to achieve the defined aims and
objectives. It depicts the whole procedure to be meticulously followed in order to
gain the desired results.

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 Modeling of Friction Damper :
• After literature review on various damping
devices especially friction dampers a friction
damper with a new type of friction interface
of waste rubber tire was proposed in the
study.
• The damper was inspired by a slotted bolt
connection (SBC)as the study focuses on
local performance of beam column joint
rather than global performance under
influence of proposed damper.
• In order to fabricate the damper, firstly
modeling of the damper was done in auto-
cad. These drawings worked as a guide in
fabrication process undertaken by the
technicians.

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Fabrication of damper:
• After pursuing literature it was inferred that friction interface is generally made
up of steel on steel, brass or cropper. However, a limitation was observed hat in
these friction interface there is high occurrence of corrosion which leads to
reduced energy dissipation performance of the damper.
• To eliminate this problem, a material which is free from corrosion can be used
as friction interface. Rubber tire is one such material free from corrosion which
has been opted for testing in this experimental study
• Objective behind using rubber is to make use of this auto mobile industry waste
for friction purpose. Owing to its low cost, the cost of damper can also be
reduced. Based upon available literature it was found that rubber could also be
used as a friction interface
• Next step was to fabricate the friction material. This kind of fabrication has not
been mentioned in prior literature. Attempting to make fiction interface out of
rubber was new experience.

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• To fabricate rubber friction pads
and waste rubber tire were cut into
a shape as shown in figure .Surface
of theses rubber friction pads was
grounded well with hand grinder to
produce roughness. The shape was
cut such that a maximum surface
area could be cut from the width of
single tire.
• he bracings were crafted in the
workshop and plates (made up of
mild steel) and all the parts
including center bolt were
fabricated in the workshop under
technician’s supervision.

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• If damper yields earlier than any structural component then the purpose of energy
dissipation through friction will not be fulfilled. Hence, these plates are little
overdesigned in thickness.

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 Experimental Setup for Isolated
Damper:
• For isolated testing of damper separate set up
was made. A base plate was fixed with bolts
to the bottom stand.
• The stand was made using two I-sections
welded from bottom and on upper side a
plate with bolt holes was slotted. Steel
bracings were provided to make the stand
rigid.
• The plates were fixed very firmly so that
they do not move during the cycling loading.
The center plate was fixed with the hydraulic
jack directly. The setup was in vertical
position as depicted in figure.

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 Isolator damper test:

• For isolate damper test, the damper was

arranged in the setup shown in figure.
• Two damper plates were placed, one fixed
with bolts to the bottom stand and other to
the load cell.
• The plates were fixed very firmly so that
these do not move during the cyclic
loading. The upper plate was fixed to the
hydraulic jack 0f 50T capacity. Only the
device brace assembly is supposed to
move during cyclic displacement.

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31
Experimental Setup for Beam Column:
• The column is exposed to the monotonous loading imitating gravity load. The
beam column assemblages are held in upright position.
• The cycle loading is applied at the beam end. The column is supported with a
support from the bottom end which is connected to a strong reaction floor.
• The experiment is carried out in a 75 T loading frame, mounted with a hydraulic
jack of 50 T capacity for applying cyclic loading at the beam end.
• The cycling loading is applied to Beam at a distance of 160 mm from the end. The
static load on the column is provided with jack. The static load adapter for the
columns basement is 20 Kn.
• The experimental set up for testing beam column assemblage in the frame is
illustrated in figure .

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33
Results and Conclusion:
Isolated damper test:

The proposed friction damper was evaluated individually to determine the load-
displacement response of the damper. To perform the above-mentioned test, the
proposed damper was placed in the test setup earlier.
.

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• It can be observed from the graph that the cycle peak load starts decreasing
after 45 mm for negative displacement and after 18 mm for positive
displacement.
• Further it can be observed that there is a sudden drop in the peak load in all
damaged levels at different displacements.
• The sudden drop in the peak load is observed due to the inefficiency of the
waste rubber tire in load carrying capacity in the positive displacement
while the behavior of the same in the negative displacement is found out to
be satisfactory.
• The sudden drop is observed due the slippage of the bracing at the top and
low resistance of the waste rubber tire in the compression phrase

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Conclusion:
A friction damper with a new type of friction interface was proposed in this
study. Responses of the proposed damper were assessed and following are the
conclusion drawn from the study:
• The proposed damper eliminates the problem of corrosion which is
often witnessed in metallic friction surface in the longer run.
• The proposed damper under direct tension phase shows better
performance with respect to the compression phase.
• The waste rubber tire offers better resistance to applied load. It shows
that the interface material plays important role in dissipating and
resisting the applied force.
• Proposed friction damper can be used in new construction and in old
structures also to ameliorate the energy dissipation performance

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Recommendation for Further
Study:
• The proposed damper holds potential to ameliorate the performance of
beam column joint component. In this experimental study influence of
damper in local performance of structure is evaluated. Performance of
damper in global performance of framed structures can also be studied in
near future.
• Friction interfaces in proposed friction damper can be replaced with other
material in order to further increase the efficiency of the proposed
damper.
• Application of the proposed friction damper in the steel structure can also
be done in near future and evaluation of the efficacy of the damper in
dissipating energy in steel structures can be done too.
• The proposed damper can be made more robust if its connection with
beam column elements can be improved. For installation of dampers in
new construction pre-defined slots can be made in concrete for better
connection. 37
Thank you

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