Cell Modifications

 Plant’s and animal’s cells are specialized

to carry their job efficiently.
 Specialized cells are cells that have a
particular adaptation to preform a special
task.
 Cilia (sing. Cilium) - slender
protuberances that project from the much
larger cell body; present on a cell's surface
in large numbers and beat in coordinated
waves
 Flagella (sing.
flagellum): tail-
like projection
that protrudes
from the cell body
and functions in
locomotion
 Microvilli (sing.
microvillus):
microscopic cellular
membrane protrusions
that increase the
surface area of cells
 Animal Specialized Cells

1. Red Blood Cell

2. White blood Cell and its types
3. Ciliated Epithelial Cell
4. Nerve Cell
5. Muscle Cell
6. Sperm Cell (gamete cell)
7. Ovum Cell (gamete cell)
 RED BLOOD CELLS
 Red blood cells are very important for
our bodies. It is found in the blood. Our
blood is made up of a liquid part. The red
blood cells are found in this liquid part of
the blood.
 Place of Red Blood Cell

 Where is it found?
It’s found in the blood.
 Adaptation of the Red Blood Cell
o What is its adaptation?
 It has the biconcave disc-shape for
more surface area in exchanging
gases.
 It has no nucleus in its cytoplasm to
have more space for the
hemoglobin.
 Function of the Red Blood Cell
o What is the function of this cell?
 It carries the oxygen.
 Itmakes the blood red because it
has haemoglobin.
 White Blood Cell
 White blood cells are really important. It
protects our lives everyday. Without we
won’t be able to live.
 Place of White Blood Cells

 Where is it found?
It is found in the blood.
 ADAPTATION OF WHITE BLOOD CELL

o What is its adaptation?

 There are 2 types of white blood
cells:
Lymphocytes Phagocytes

They have large They have lobed

nuclei. nuclei.

They produce
antibodies to kill They engulf bacteria because
the nucleus allows it to change
bacteria. its shape.
Function of White Blood Cell

o What is its function?

 It kills the bacteria to
protect our lives.
Phagocytes – The Immun
e System
 CILIATED EPITHELIAL CELLS

 Ciliated epithelial cells are very important.

They protect us by trapping any dust or
bacteria in the air we breathe. Smoking
stops the ciliated epithelial cells from
working. If it stopped it may affect on our
lungs.
Place of the Ciliated Epithelial Cells
o Where is it found?
 It is found in the trachea, bronchi and
oviducts.
Adaptation of Ciliated Epithelial Cells

o What is its adaptation?

 It has cilia which is produced by the
cytoplasm. Cilia is a thin hair like
structure.
Function of the Ciliated Epithelial Cells

o What is its function?

 Mucus traps the dust particles, then
the cilia beats in a rhythm to move
this mucus out of the body.
 It helps the ovum to move.
BBC Bitesize KS3 Biology Cili
ated epithelial cells
 Muscle Cells
 Muscle cells are very important. They
allow our bodies to move. Without it we
won’t be able to move.
 Place of Muscle Cells

o Where is it found?
It is found in the muscular system.
 Adaptation of the Muscle Cell

o What is its adaptation?

 It is long. It has bands of proteins. The
muscle cells are arranged in fibers that
helps it to run along the length of the
muscle./
 Function of Muscle Cells

o What are their functions?

 They contract which helps the muscle
to move.
 Neuron/ Nerve Cells
 Nervecells are very important. They
send us the impulses to accomplish a
task.
 Place of the Neuron
o Where is it?
It is found in our nervous system.
 Adaptation of the Neuron
o What is its adaptation?
 It is long and branched.
Function of the Neuron
o What is the function of it?
 It carries the impulses. The way it is
branched allows the impulses to be
conducted and co-ordinated. It carries the
impulses long distances without getting
interrupted.
 Gametes or Sex Cells
 Gametes are cells that are responsible in
reproduction.
 There are 2 types of gametes:
 Sperm Cell
 Sperm cell is the male reproductive cell.
 Place of Sperm Cell
o Where is it?
It in the male reproductive system.
Adaptation of Sperm Cell
o How does it look like?
 It is long and has a neck, head and a tail.
The head produces enzymes to enter to the
ovum so fertilization can take place. The
neck has lots of mitrochondria which
provides it with the energy it needs. The tail
pushes side to side to push the cell forward.
 Function of Sperm Cell
o What does it do?
 It carries the genetic information of the
male parent. It combines with the egg cell
to form a new embryo.
 Egg Cell/Ovum
 It is the reproductive cell in
the female.
 Place of Ovum
o Where is it?
It is in the female reproductive system.
 Adaptation of Ovum
o How does it look like?
 It is very large. It has lots of cytoplasm
which acts as the stored food for the
developing embryo.
 Function of Ovum
o What does it do?
 It provides food for the growing embryo.
It stores the genetic information of the
female part.
 All of these are animal cells. All of
them are very important for our
bodies.
PLANTS SPECIALIZED
CELLS
1. Root Hair Cell
2. Palisade Cell
3. Xylem Vessel /Cell
 ROOT HAIR CELL
 It is very useful for the plants. It
allows more water and minerals to
enter the plant.
 Place of Root Hair Cell
o Where is it ?
It is in the root
hairs.
 Adaptation of Root Hair Cell
o How does it look like?
 It is a thin thread like structure.
 It is an elongated cell.
 It has no chloroplasts.
 It has many mitrochondria, that some water
and minerals are absorbed actively.
 Function of Root Hair Cell
o What is its function?
 It absorbs some water and minerals
actively.
 Palisade Cells
 Palisade cells are very important for
plant cells. They help them to make their
food.
 Place of Palisade Cells
o Where is it?
It is found in the
leaves (top part).
 Adaptation of Palisade Cells
o How does it look like?
 It has a large surface area.
 It has lots of chloroplasts.
 The cell wall and other parts of the
cytoplasm are transparent to let the light
pass through the leaf.
 It has an oblong shape.
 Function of Palisade Cells
o What does it do?
 It absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis.
 Xylem Cells/ Vessels
 These cell are important as well. They
help in transporting water.
 Place of Xylem Cell
o Where is it?
It is found in
the stem.
 Adaptation of Xylem Cell
o How does it look like?
 It is long , thin hollow tube for
uninterrupted flow of water.
 The vessels are formed of column of cells
with no end walls, nucleus and cytoplasm.
 Function of Xylem Cells
o What does it do?
 It helps to transport water and also
provide support.
 Plant’s specialized
cells are very
important for the
plant’s cells. Without
these cells the plant
won’t be able to live.
 Specialized cells for plants and animals
are very important. Without them they
won’t be able to live. As each of these
cells preform a special function without
them this function won’t be
accomplished.