ORAL

COMMUNICATION

FIRST QUARTER LESSON

 Oral Communication
• is the way of information, message or idea exchanges
through verbal mediums.
• speech or oral communication is the exchange of verbal
messages with the employment of nonverbal cues such
as tone of voice, bodily actions, eye communication and
others.
• some other examples of barriers come from outside
factors such as the setting of the conversation, listener
and speaker’s feelings or moods and cultural barriers.
 Is effective communication important?
• Yes, because it helps you connect with others and share
ideas. It also helps to build relationaships and teamworks.
 COMMUNICATION:
• It is the process of expressing and exchanging
informations, thoughts, ideas and feelings.
 COMMUNICATION
CONTEXTS/SITUATIONS:

- FACE-TO-FACE INTERACTIONS
- GROUP DISCUSSIONS
- LETTER CORRESPONDENCE
- PHONE CONVERSATION
- MEETING OR INTERVIEW
- CLASS RECITATION
 NATURE OF COMMUNICATION

• Communication is a process.
• Communication is systematic.
• Communication is symbolic.
• Communication involves meaning.
 4 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

• Verbal
• Nonverbal
• Written
• Visual
 ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

Speaker Noise
Message Context
Listener Encoder
Medium/Channel Decoder
Response Barrier
Feedback
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
 ARISTOTLE’S MODEL

5 ORGANIZED ELEMENTS
• SPEAKER
• SPEECH
• OCCASION
• AUDIENCE
• EFFECT
 SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL:
• “ MOTHER OF ALL MODELS ‘’
• “ TELEPHONE MODEL ‘’
 SCHRAMM’S MODEL

• ‘’THE PROCESS AND EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATION”

OSGOOD-SCHRAMM’S MODEL
WHITE’S MODEL
• NOTE:

SCHRAMM ADDED “FEEDBACK’’ TO THE

SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL.
 STRATEGIES TO AVOID
COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN
1. Develop communication plan
2. Use the right communication tools
3. Use collaborate project management tool
4. Develop a culture of communication
5. Be aware of communication weak points
6. Run better meetings
7. Practice deliberate communication
 COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN
• A communication breakdown is defined as a failure to
exchange information, resulting in a lack of
communication.
 EXAMPLES OF COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN
• Believing you have communicated. In 1990, a Stanford psychologist called
Elizabeth Newton divided participants into two groups: Tappers and
Listeners. The Tappers were asked to tap out a familiar tune (like Happy
Birthday) on the table. The Listeners’ job was to guess the tune, based on the
taps. As you’ll see if you try it, that’s hard. Out of 120 tapped renditions,
Listeners guessed right only 3 times (2.5%). After the tapping but before the
Listeners guessed, Newton asked Tappers the odds that the Listener would
guess correctly. They predicted 50%! In other words, they vastly over-
estimated the likelihood that Listeners had understood their message.
Tappers were amazed when Listeners didn’t get it: it seemed so obvious to
them. At least the Tappers found out the truth; in our normal lives we blithely
tap away while assuming our message has landed. William Whyte, an astute
observer of post-war corporate life, put it this way: “The great enemy of
communication is the illusion of it.”
• Talking without listening. The ur-mistake. When we talk, we can
hear ourselves, which is enough for us to convince ourselves that
someone else has heard us. But much of the time, they are not
even hearing our beautifully crafted eloquence, let alone
absorbing it. Either they are oblivious or they are aware of what
we say only as a stream of noise, like Gary Larson’s dog. The
fundamental reason for this is that we haven’t engaged their
attention. The only way to do that is to figure out what they’re
interested in, what they care about, and speak to it. It’s so much
easier and more pleasurable to focus on what we’re saying rather
than on what the other person is taking out
• Failing to connect. As the saying goes, I don’t care what
you know until I know you care. Communication scientists
identify two fundamental levels operating in every
conversation. There’s the content level - ‘what we’re
talking about’. Then there is the relationship level - a
subterranean, emotion-driven, inarticulate conversation
about whether you and I like and respect each other.
Success at the relationship level is a precondition of
success at the content level; if no mutually satisfactory
connection has been made, then no matter how eloquent
and clever you are being, the conversation is guaranteed
to go badly.
• Trying to convince. Paradoxically, the worst way to convince
someone of anything they don’t already believe is to make a
confident argument for it. Instead of communicating I want you to
understand or I want you to see what’s best for you, it actually
communicates I want to push you over. The other person stops
listening to us because they feel threatened, and they push back
with whatever weapons are at hand - irrationality, aggression,
silence. They do anything except concede they’re wrong.
Psychologists call this “reactance”. Reactance is generated when
the persuader hasn’t made the other side feel that they are being
treated as an equal - only then will people lay down their arms
and listen
• Second-guessing. Sometimes we make
no effort to understand what our audience
is thinking and feeling, and that’s not
good, but it’s probably better than making
an over-confident guess. There are few
things more annoying than a person who
seems to believe they know exactly
what’s in your mind when they really have
no idea.
• Saying too much. A book about writing bears the
excellent title, Nobody Wants To Read Your Shit. People
have an overload of inputs and limited time. You have to
assume that they would rather be doing many, many other
things other than listening to you. We easily forget that,
because we’re so focused on transmitting all the things
we want to say. When the receiver feels that their time is
being wasted they opt out of the communication at the
first opportunity - or, if they’re trapped, nurture a
simmering grievance against you.
• Saying too little. A certain narcissism is built into the structure of
human communication. When you’re talking to someone there is
at least one thing that’s more salient to you than to them: your
thoughts. Although we mentally compensate for the fact that we
have better access to our inner states than others do, we find it
hard to compensate enough. Psychologists call this the “curse of
knowledge”. You say too little and explain yourself poorly because
some part of you stubbornly assumes they must already know
what you mean. You’re like the actor in a game of charades who
can’t believe her teammates could be so dim not to see that you
waving your arms around signifies Top Gun.
• Talking down. Conversations often include an unspoken contest
over relative status. Whether it’s a conversation between
colleagues at work, or partners in a relationship, one side can feel
patronised or implicitly insulted. More often that not, the offender
has no idea. Since people’s doubts and fears do not always
manifest themselves in obvious ways we can assume that the
conversation is going fine until it’s suddenly it’s not and we have
no idea why. That goes back to the asymmetry problem - our
innate difficulty in recognising that other people have inner lives
as rich as our own. The model we tend to work with is something
like this: I am infinitely subtle, complex and hard to read; you are
simple and predictable. “I suppose no one truly admits the
existence of another person”, sighs the narrator of Fernando
Pessoa’s Book of Disquiet.
• Lack of attention to tone. Tone is the music of communication; it is
everything that isn’t explicitly articulated. It is multi-channel: it can
manifest itself in the pitch of a voice, in a particular choice of
words, in punctuation, in an emoji. We often talk about tone as if it
is something superficial, secondary to the substance of the
communication - to the message - so we neglect to give it serious
thought. We should, because it is paramount. It tells the listener
how you want this exchange to feel - playful or urgent or grave. It
also conveys a lot of highly compressed information about what
you think of me - whether you think I’m stupid, or powerful, or
sensitive. When you first start speaking, most people aren’t
listening to what you’re saying; they’re listening to your tone and
figuring out what it means.
• Being boring. To return to where we began, the most
frequent cause of a communication failure is that no
communication has taken place - and a common reason
for that is the communicator fails to say anything
interesting, or fails to say it in an interesting way. In
general, we care too much about being right and not
enough about not being boring.
 Verbal vs. Nonverbal Communication
Verbal communication is the use of words to convey a
message. Some forms of verbal communication are written
and oral communication.

Examples of Written Communication:

Letters
Texting
Emails
Books
Examples of Oral Communication:
Face-to-face conversations
Speech
Host on a Radio
Interviews
• Nonverbal communication is the use of body language to
convey a message.

Examples of Body Language Communication:

-Waving (An indication of "Hello" or "Goodbye" in some cultures)
-Head nod (An indication of agreement)
-Finger tapping (Impatient or tired of waiting)
-Arms crossed over chest (A gesture indicating defensiveness or stress)
-Making eye contact (An indication you're paying attention)
-Handshakes
-Hugs
-Smile
-Sign languages
6 Samples of oral communication activities
• Extempore Speeches
• Group Discussions
• Role Plays
• Talk Show
• Short Presentations
• Listen and Talk Activity