Directions. Analyze the picture below and answer the guide questions below.

Guide Questions:

1. What are the problems or issues depicted in the picture?

2. What other underlying details can be generated from the picture?
3. What do you think are the causes of these problems?
4. What are your justifications to say that these are the causes of the
problem? How will you support your answer?
5. Does identifying the causes and details of the problem tell us
clearly about its background information? Why?
6. What is your idea about the background of the study?
7. Why is it important to learn the background of the study in
research?
 How to write an Introduction?
An introduction is the initial part of a research
paper and the part that a reader is likely to read
first .
Every research paper needs context so that readers
can understand why you have created.
It is important that you make the beginning of your
research paper interesting and engage with your
readers from the first line.
 Questions Answered in the
Research Paper Introduction
1. What am I studying?
2. Why is this topic important to investigate?
3. What do we already know about this topic or
what have other experts discovered about the topic?
4. How will my research advance new knowledge or
new ways of understanding?
 Writing an Introduction to a
Research Paper – What to Include
1.Introduce your topic.
2.Create some context and background.
3.Tell your reader about the research you plan to carry out.
4.State your rationale.
5.Explain why your research is important.
6.State your hypothesis.
7.Let professionals take care of your introduction for a research paper!
8.Hire a writer to make sure your research paper introduction is plagiarism –free .
Writing Tips on How to Write an Intro for a Research
Paper

1.Define and Explain Concepts

-Is writing including concepts that are going to be

complicated for the average reader to understand? If
yes, take time to explain them as best as you can in
your introduction.
2. Start with a Quotation

You want to capture your reader’s attention right from

the beginning.

3. Communicate your Structure

All papers should be organized to ensure that the

reader understands everything that is going on and to
make your findings valuable.
Guidelines in Writing the Introduction

It may composed of three paragraphs enabling the

readers to see at a glance the entire contents of the
research work.

1. First paragraph- to provide the readers a mental

warm –up , thus giving them information and
readiness as to what the research is all about . It
should introduce the study and justify the problem.
2. Second paragraph- carries the bulk of the
introduction. The statement of the problem can
be best be used as frame of reference to write
this paragraph.
- scope and coverage of the study- revolve
around mentioning the purpose of the study
3. The third and last paragraph- sort of closing portion
that is intriguing and challenging the readers to
become interested in knowing the results of the study.
- It is one or two sentences to link between the
introduction and the statement of the problem
Unlocking of Difficulties
 
Matching Type. Match column A with column B. Choose the letter
of the correct answer.
 
A. B.
1.literature a. researchers report the results of their
studies
2. primary sources b. provides an overview of what has been
written about a specific topic
3. secondary sources c. authors describe the work of others
Review of Related Literature

- Is a compilation of studies related to a specific

area of research
- It evaluates , classifies and summarizes all the
relevant previous studies conducted on a
specified topic
- Design to justify your research by exposing the
gaps of the previous studies
-It forms a “picture” for the reader,
providing a support and full
comprehension of the developments in
the field.
-plays a significant impact in the
discussion of the results and findings
 Purpose of a literature review

1.To discover the connection of your research

to the existing body of knowledge and to
real-life situations.
2.To identify more theories or concepts as
the foundation of your research study and
learn from them.
3. To determine the relationship of your
research with previous research studies to
prevent duplication and to acknowledge
other researchers.
4. To acquire knowledge on the accuracy
and significance of your research questions.
5. To acquaint yourself with the technical
terminologies relevant to your study.
6. To determine possible gaps , conflicts, and
open questions left from other researches
which might help you in formulating and
justifying your research ideas.
7. To clarify misconceptions on previous
researches and help refocus, polish , and
contribute to the development of the body
of knowledge.
 Structure of Literature Review

1.Introduction- presents the fundamental idea of the particular

study of the literature review.
2.Main Body- consists of the organized discussion of sources,
this is where you summarize and synthesize your literature
review and reflect how they related to your study.
3.Conclusions/ Recommendations- emphasized what you have
learned from reviewing the literature and where would your
study leads to.
 Types of Literature Review

These are the different types of literature review depending on how

you organize and present your review of related studies.

1.Context Review
- Primarily focused on the content or contextual aspect of research.
- Usually a type of review in which the researcher relates his or her
study to a larger body of knowledge
- It presents the current research by merging it into a wider
framework and determine its contribution and impact to the
specific field of study.
2. Historical Review
- Is a specialized type of literature review in which
the researcher organizes the related researches
according to the period of time it was conducted

- The goal of this type of research is to gain

knowledge on the advancement of technology and
to identify developments on certain areas, which
progress through time
3. Integrative Review
- Common type of literature review in which researcher
introduces and summarizes the recent knowledge of the study.

-It emphasizes the agreements and disagreements of knowledge

among various previous researches.

-This review synthesizes findings from different approaches like

experimental and non –experimental studies

- This approach allows for the integration of qualitative studies with

quantitative studies
4. Methodological Review

- Is a specialized type of literature review in which the

researcher gathers and compares and contrast other
studies to the current research

- It basically summarizes and evaluates the strengths

and gaps in methodological aspects of various studies
and illustrates the effects of different methodologies (
research designs, samples, process)to different
outcomes
5. Self –study Review

-A literature review in which the researcher

demonstrates his or her understanding of a specific
body of knowledge.
-It contains existing proof associated to a clearly
stated research questions and uses standardized
methods to determine and evaluate relevant
research.
6. Theoretical Review

- A literature review in which the researcher introduces

several theories or concepts that are focused on a
specific topic

- It is particular on the theories and concepts being

highlighted on other researches and compare them to
the current study basing on its framework , hypothesis,
consistency, and justification.
Activity 1 Dalandan –dan-dan is it real?is it real?

Directions. Determine whether the following sources are reliable or not. Write the words in the corresponding column.

Journal Articles Conference Proceedings Wikipedia

Encyclopedia
Guide Questions:
Government Reports Scholar books
Magazine Articles Websites and blogs Historical Records
1. What is the activity all about?
2. Are you already familiar with this topic?

Monograph Statistical Records Newspaper articles

Mocha Uson Blog Theses and Dissertations E-books
Academic databases
 Characteristics of A Good Literature
Review
1. Materials must be as recent as possible.
(Sources to be looked into must give information
that are attuned to the time frame indicated in the
study (rule of thumb is at most 10 years ago)

2. Materials must be as objective and unbiased as

possible. Avoid data and materials which are
extremely one-sided.
3. Materials must be relevant to the study.
Whatever kind of materials is needed to explain or
support the study must have a bearing in the topic.

4. Use your Materials must not be too few but not

too many. discretion on how much or many to
include but there should be enough materials
included for the researcher to be able to offer
insights on the study.
 3 Basic Types of Sources
1. Primary Sources- publications in which researchers
report the results of their studies.
• Findings are communicated by the authors directly to
the readers.
Examples journals
2. Secondary Sources- publications in which
authors describe the work of others
Examples textbook , encyclopedias, research
reviews, yearbooks
3. General References- sources in which a
researcher refers to tract down other sources.
Where can you find review of related literature?

1.Books
-The needed information here is from the books containing a
collection of research materials and articles
- You can find here the citation information such as the title , author,
date, and publisher in the catalog system

2.Scholarly Journals
-May also be referred to as academic journals or peer-reviewed
journals
- Articles are written by a scholar in the field and the researcher is
always identified.
3. Dissertations
-is a final requirement for the degree of doctor of philosophy
(Ph. D.) in which the student or researcher has to complete a
work of original research.
Are original research, they can be a source of valuable
information.

4. Government Documents
-Most of the government agencies around the world support
research undertakings and publish the findings of the study
-Kept at the government and some school libraries
5. Policy Reports and Presented Papers
- Policy reports are also a source of information in literature
review.
- Written proficiently and most of the readers does not want
to read a book due to limited time

6. Periodicals
-findings of the study which can be seen in newspapers, in
popular magazines , on television or radio broadcasts, and in
internet news summaries
 Activity 2: I’m a Good Noodle
Direction. Put a check before the number if the following literature
review possesses a good characteristic , and a cross if not. If it does
not possess a good characteristic , indicate your reason why.
_______1. Topic of Research: The effects of Communication Styles
on Marital Satisfaction by Hannah Yager(2018), University of West
Florida.
_______2. Topic of Research: Cyberbullying : How Physical
Intimidation Influences the Way People are Bullied by Tyler Maxwell
(2019), University of West Florida.
_______3. Topic of Research: Studies on the History of Technical
Writing ( No author, no date)
Activity 3: Sauce Please
Directions. Indicate whether the following is a
primary or secondary source. Write “ Primary”
if it is a primary source, and “Secondary”if it is
a secondary source.
1. The poem “Human Chain” by Seamus
Heaney
2. “Lincoln at Gettysburg: The words that
remade America ‘ by Gary Wills
3. “ His Nibs: Self Reflexivity and the significance of
translation in Seamus Hearney’s Human Chain.” by
Michael Parker in Irish University Review ( November
2012).pp. 327-350

4. Mackey, S., Carrol, I., Emir, B., Murphy, T., Whalen,

E., & Dumenci, L. (20120. Sensory pain qualities in
neuropathic pain. The Journal of Pain. 13(1), 58-
63.doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2011.10.002 [a study published
in a peer reviewed journal]
Matching Type. Match column A with column B. Choose the letter of the correct
answer.
A. B.
1. Books a. a periodical publication containing events ,
2. Magazines interview and opinion article
3. Newspaper b. a popular work published periodically focusing
4. Computer on a specific subject of interest
5. Journal c. a collection of books that provides information
6. Film d. a collection of electronic materials that provides
information about a certain
e. a motion picture or movie
f. a scholarly work published periodically containing
highly classified research
Steps in Writing Literature Review

1.Find/ Search for the Relevant Literature

There are many ways on how to find relevant research studies. You
may use the following:

a.Search engines to facilitate your information inquiry. Make sure

that they are reliable.
b.University Online Library
c. Snowballing
d.Related Dissertations
2. Log, Catalogue and Synthesize

After searching and gathering the different relevant studies, you need to
arrange them in order for you to organize them easily.

a. Log the reference information. You may use reference management

software.
b. Catalogue all relevant articles. You may use excel so that it will be
organized and systematic.You can make your own template so that you will
be efficient.
c. Digest and synthesize. Organize the different ideas from different
sources. Arrange them according to the criteria that you made in your
excel template.
3. Outlining and Writing Up
In-depth planning and enough time should be given importance during this
period since you will need to concentrate and have focus in writing up your
paper.

a. Draw up your outline. You need to make an outline first for the structuring of
your literature review.
- use the different approaches like chronological, thematic, theoretical etc.
b. Write it up. After formulating the outline, you can now begin writing your first
draft.
c. Recap. When you are finish with your paper, have it read by others who are
qualified (expert in field) for further improvements.
- Comprehend and incorporate their corrections and suggestions for the betterment of your
study.
 Ways of Citing Related Literature
1. By author or writer
Example : According to Felipe (2015),…

2. By topic
Example :It has been found out that …(Felipe, 2015)

3. By chronology
Example: According to the year , the literatures were
written , usually from earliest to the latest.
Referencing Style
• American Psychological Association (APA)-an author/date based style. This
means emphasis is placed in the author and date of a piece of work to
uniquely identify it.
• Modern Language Association (MLA)-Most often applied in the arts and
humaties, particularly in the U.S.A
• Harvard- very similar to APA. It is most well used referencing style in the UK
and Australia, and is encouraged for use with humanities.
Chicago and Turabian- two separate styles but are very similar. They are also
widely used for history and economics.
 Ways of Citing Related Literature
• 1. By author or writer
• Example : According to Felipe (2015),…

• 2. By topic
• Example :It has been found out that …(Felipe, 2015)

• 3. By chronology
• Example: According to the year , the literatures were written , usually
from earliest to the latest.
 Guidelines in Writing Literature Review
• Rule 1. Define the topic and the audience. When defining a topic, consider factors such as interest,
importance and recency.
• Rule 2. Search and re-search reference lists.
• Rule 3. Prepare a conceptual diagram of the need for the different types of literature review.
• Rule 4. Take notes while reading.
• Rule 5. Choose the type of review you wish to write.
• Rule 6. Keep the review focused and make it of broad interest.
• Rule 7. Be critical and consistent.
• Rule 8. Find a logical structure.
• Rule 9. Make use of feedback.

• 1. There appears to be strong evidence that…

• 2. The literature has shown…
• 3. The foregoing literatures have shown…
• 4. The data supporting the hypothesis are..
Answer Activity 4: Is that a Jojo Reference
 
Find the error in the following sample reference.Encircle the word/s with error.Leave blank if
there is no error.
 
1. Smith, H. & Johnson, K. (2010). APA format can be fun. Journal of Educational Idealism, 24, 127-
135. https ://doi: 11.1237/0268-6155.24.3.221 Journal Entry
 
2. Banks, E. (June 2009). Making your way with APA. Eastern Publishers . Book entry
 
3. (Smith, J.W., 2012, p. 19) In text citation
 
4. ( as quoted in Miller, 2008) Secondary source
 
5. Animal Diversity Web. (n.d.) Sciurus carolinensis (eaten gray squirrel) Photograph. Creative
Commons.
https://ccsearch.creativecommons.org/photos/4556e4bd-fba4-4b54-b967-3bc912695df4 Figures
and images
 Synthesizing Information about the Findings in
Related Literature
• What is a Synthesis?
A synthesis is a discussion that draws on one or more sources. Your ability to
infer relationships among sources such as essays , articles , fiction, and also
non-written sources such as lectures, interviews , and observations will be
helpful in synthesizing information taken from your review of literature.
Synthesizing refers to the bringing together of materials from different
sources, and the creation of an integrated whole. In the case of your research ,
the “whole “ is your structured review of relevant works and your coherent
argument for the study that you are doing.
Types of Synthesis
1. Explanatory Synthesis- helps the readers to understand a topic. Its
primary aim is to present the facts in a reasonably objective manner.
Explanations given may entail descriptions , sequence of events

2. Argument Synthesis- its purpose is to present your own point of view

with the support of relevant facts drawn from services and presented in
a logical manner. What is presented may be debatable.
 Categories of Sources
• 1. Documents- These include written or printed materials that
have been produced in some form or another such as annual
reports, books, artwork, cartoons, records, diaries , notebooks,
etc.
• 2. Numerical Records- Records include any type of numerical data
in printed form :test scores, attendance figures, census reports,
school budgets
• 3. Oral Statements- Include stories, myths, tales, legends, songs,
and other forms of oral expressions.
• 4. Relics- formal types of historical sources
 How to write Synthesis
• 1. Consider the purpose of writing.
• 2. Select and read carefully your sources, according to your purpose.
• 3. Formulate a thesis. It is the main idea that you want to present in your
synthesis.
• 4. Decide how you will use your source materials and take down notes.
• 5. Develop an organizational plan according to your thesis.
• 6. Write the first draft of your synthesis, following your organizational
plan.
• 7. Revise your synthesis.
• What do you think is the relevance of the different
literature references in doing a research?
• Think about three words that best describe the topic. Combine the
words to come up with a trident word(it is combining the three words
to come up with a new word, example:strategy, focus, and skills –
trident word is Strafoills (strategy-focus-skills)from of the lesson
discussed
Answer Activity 6:This guy’s in love with you
COMPARE see on Module 4 Quarter 3 Week 7
pages 63-64
Assignment
Research on the ethical standards in writing related
literature.