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INTERNATIONAL
PROTECTION OF
HUMAN RIGHTS
B h u m i k a Va v a l i y a
bhumisorathiya481@gmail.com
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What are human rights?

Definition and Objective

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• Expressions of human dignity

• A set of agreed values/norms reflecting the principles of dignity, equality

and freedom

• Legal standards and agreements –international and regional

• Inherent to individuals, and primarily define the relationship between the

individual and the State

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HISTORY

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 Click to edit Declaration
International Master title of
style
Human Rights

• The inherent dignity and the equal and inalienable rights of all
members of the human family (Preamble)
• All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights
(Article 1)
• Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in
the Declaration, without distinction of any kind (Article 2)

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Photo: Eleanor Roosevelt inspects a copy of the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights in 1949. Copyright UN Photo.
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PROTECTION Master
HUMANtitle style BY U.N
RIGHTS
• The League of Nations failed to prevent World War II (1939–1945).
Because of the widespread recognition that humankind could not
afford a Third World War, the United Nations was established to
replace the flawed League of Nations in order to maintain
international peace and promote cooperation in solving international
economic, social and humanitarian problems.

• The first and the most important role which the United Nations has
played is that it has made the people and the States conscious about
the HUMAN RIGHTS and Fundamental freedoms.

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Photo: Eleanor Roosevelt inspects a copy of the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights in 1949. Copyright UN Photo.
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by U.N.

Monitoring of Human Rights Procedure for individual Complaints

The
The individual complaint
United Nations procedure
has codified is arights
the different monitoring procedure
and freedoms used
by making for the
treaties for implementation of such
all section of people human
as
women, child,
rights. It allows the individual migrant,
to bring workers, refugees
a complaint and stateless
of violations persons..
of his/her rights by a particular state
before an independent
Treaty bodies, UN-Committee
Special Representatives and– working
but onlygroups
after all domestic
of the legalon
commission remedies
Human Rightshave have
beenprocedure
exhausted.
and
mechanism to monitor compliance with conventions and investigate allegations of human rights abuses.
The original mandate of the commission on human rights to examine situations where massive violations
U.N. place
of rights appear to be taking Humanhas
rights monitors
been have been sent
complemented by atonew
many countries.
function. incidence of certain kinds
of violations.
Human rights monitors have also been deployed by the General Assembly as part of peace keeping operations.

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Universal Declaration of
Human Rights

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Article 1.
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason
and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Article 2.
Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction
of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or
social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the
basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a
person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other
limitation of sovereignty.

Article 3.
Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.

Article 4.
No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all
their forms.

Article 5.
No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
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• Charter of the United Nations (1945)
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
• Core international human rights treaties
• Regional human rights treaties
• Other relevant treaties
• Customary international law
• Human rights treaty bodies

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Table: Other areas of law that are relevant
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international borderstitle style
Laws Applicable to
International refugee law Refugees
Conventions on statelessness Stateless individuals
International humanitarian law Situations of armed conflict

Law of the sea Rescue and assistance at sea

International labour law Migrant workers
International criminal law Smuggling of migrants, trafficking
in persons, corruption, deportation
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“
Our lives begin to end the day we become
silent about things that matter.”

- MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.

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CONCLUSIONS
• Efforts made by the international community to ensure the protection
of human rights (which have just been established or proclaimed) are
certainly encouraging but they must be assessed in the light of what
many nations are actually doing.

• The respect for human rights ca not be confined to mere declarations

(soft law). So far as the UN system is concerned its effectiveness in
the enforcement of human rights is still weak for many reasons, the
most important being:
• it is not mandatory, therefore there are many states unwilling to
submit themselves to any external scrutiny;
• there is no judicial mechanism within the UN to deal with individual
complaints;
• the reporting and monitoring system is still based on confidentiality;
• the Security Council has not taken any consistent and firm stand in
respect of states violating basic human rights. The principle of non-
interference in domestic matters, and the political assessment of
human rights situations, often prevail.
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Thank You

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