WELCOME

TO
GENERAL
CHEMISTR
Y
WEEK 7
PRESSURE OF GAS
GAS LAW
PRAYER
HOW MANY
ELEMENTS ARE
GASES IN THE
PERIODIC TABLE?

◦H ◦ Ne
◦ He ◦ Ar
◦N ◦ Kr
◦O ◦ Xe
◦F ◦ Rn
◦ Cl
 HAVE YOU
EXPERIENCE
PRESSING A
BALLOON OR A
BALL?
DO YOU FEEL THE
PRESSURE WHILE
COMPRESSING IT?
PRESSURE
◦Pressure is defined as the force the
gas exerts on a given area of the
container in which it is contained.
The SI unit for pressure is the Pascal,
Pa.

◦If you’ve ever inflated a tire,

you’ve probably made a pressure
measurement in pounds (force)
per square inch (area).
Mathematically:

◦ = m/s
◦ The SI unit of pressure is the ◦ = m/s2
pascal (Pa), defined as one ◦ Force = mass x acceleration
◦ The SI unit of force is in Newton
newton per square meter: (N), where

1 Pa= 1 N/m2 N= 1 kg m/s2

Unit of Pressure
◦ 1 Pa= 1 N/m2
◦ 1 atm = 101.325 kilopascals (kPa) = 1.01325 x 105 Pa

◦ 1 atm= 760 mmHg =760 torr

◦ 1 bar = 1 x 102 kPa = 1 x 105 Pa
◦ 1 atm= 14.7 psi (pound square in)
SAMPLE PROBLEM
The pressure outside a jet plane flying at high altitude falls considerably below
standard atmospheric pressure. Therefore, the air inside the cabin must be
pressurized to protect the passengers. What is the pressure in atmospheres in
the cabin if the barometer reading is 688 mmHg?
◦ Hint : 1 atm= 760 mmHg
◦ mmHg → atm

◦= 0.905 atm
Fill in the table by converting given into
required unit of pressure
Atm mmHg Torr Pa
 0.907
2 689.3  689.3
1  91,899.1
3
 1.06
4  805.5
5  805.5
6 107,045
2.23x10 -2
 16.95
7 16.95 
8  2,259.54
9
 1.15
10  871.4
11 871.4  116,176.8
12
 1.11x
1310 -2
 8.40
14 15
 8.40 1.12 x 10 3
 Atmospheric Pressure on Different Altitude

◦ The standard, or near-

average, atmospheric
pressure at sea level on
the Earth is 101.3 kPa or
about 14.7 pounds per
square inch. The
gauge pressure in my
automobile tires is a little
more than twice that
value.
 Atmospheric Pressure on Different Altitude

◦ As altitude rises, air pressure drops. In other

words, if the indicated altitude is high, the air
pressure is low.
◦ Two reason:
◦ Gravity- Earth's gravity pulls air as close to the
surface as possible.
◦  Density- As altitude increases, the amount
of gas molecules in the air decreases—the air
becomes less dense than air nearer to sea level. 
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/altitude/
GAS LAWS
 Inhalation lungs volume expand . Due to
this increase in volume, the pressure is
decreased, based on the principles of
Boyle's Law.
Lungs expand as they fill with air.
Exhaling decreases the volume of the
lungs. Thus as you increase the
moles of gas, volume also increase as
stated in Avogadro’s Law

If gas expands when it is heated, a given weight of hot

air occupies a larger volume then the same weight of
cold air. Hot air is less dense than cold air, Charles’s
Law explain how hot air balloon works.
 PRESSURE (atm, Pa, mmHg, psi, bar,
torr)

VOLUME (L or m3 )
FOUR
VARIABLES
TEMPERATURE (absolute temp. K)

NUMBER OF MOLE (n)

STP: you need to memorize this

Standard Temperature & Pressure

0°C 273 K
1 atm or 101.325 kPa
Pressure-Volume
Relationship: Boyle’s
Law
◦ Boyle’s Law states that the pressure of a fixed
amount of gas at a constant temperature is
inversely proportional to the volume of the gas.

P
P1V1 = P2V2
V
Sample Problem
◦ Sulfur dioxide (SO2), a gas that plays a central role in the formation of
acid rain, is found in the exhaust of automobiles and power plants.
Consider a 1.53-L sample of gaseous SO2 at a pressure of 5.6 x 103 Pa. If
the pressure is changed to 1.5 x 104 Pa at a constant temperature, what
will be the new volume of the gas?

◦ Given information:
P1 = 5.6 x 103 Pa
P2 = 1.5 x 104 Pa
V1 = 1.53 L
V2 = ?
Sample Problem
◦ Sulfur dioxide (SO2), a gas that plays a central role in the
formation of acid rain, is found in the exhaust of automobiles
and power plants. Consider a 1.53-L sample of gaseous SO2 at a
pressure of 5.6 x 103 Pa. If the pressure is changed to 1.5 x 104
Pa at a constant temperature, what will be the new volume of the
gas?
Temperature-Volume
Relationship: Charles’s
Law
◦ Charles’s Law states that at constant pressure, the
volume occupied by a fixed amount of gas is directly
proportional to its absolute (Kelvin) temperature

V1 V2
V
=
T1 T2
T
SAMPLE PROBLEM
◦ A sample of gas at 15°C and 1 atm has a volume of 2.58
L. What volume will this gas occupy at 38°C and 1 atm?
◦ Given Information
◦ T1 = 15°C + 273 = 288 K
◦ T2 = 38°C + 273 = 311 K
◦ V1 =2.58 L
◦ V2 = ?
SAMPLE PROBLEM
◦ A sample of gas at 15°C and 1 atm has a volume of
2.58 L. What volume will this gas occupy at 38°C and 1
atm?
◦ Solution:
 Volume and Amount
Relationship: Avogadro’s
Law
◦ Equal volumes of gases contain equal numbers of moles
 at constant temp & pressure
 true for any ideal gas

V
V1 V2
=
n n1 n2
SAMPLE PROBLEM
◦ Suppose we have a 12.2-L sample containing 0.50 mole of
oxygen gas (O2) at a pressure of 1 atm and a temperature of
25°C. If all this O2 were converted to ozone (O3) at the same
temperature and pressure, what would be the volume of the
ozone?
◦ Given information
◦
◦
SAMPLE PROBLEM
◦ Suppose we have a 12.2-L sample containing 0.50 mole of oxygen gas
(O2) at a pressure of 1 atm and a temperature of 25°C. If all this O 2
were converted to ozone (O3) at the same temperature and pressure,
what would be the volume of the ozone?
◦ Solution
◦ Know the balance equation
3 O2 (g) → 2 O3 (g)
◦   Know the mole ratio between O3 and O2
SAMPLE PROBLEM
◦ Suppose we have a 12.2-L sample containing 0.50 mole of oxygen gas
(O2) at a pressure of 1 atm and a temperature of 25°C. If all this O 2
were converted to ozone (O3) at the same temperature and pressure,
what would be the volume of the ozone?
◦ Solution
◦ Calculate the moles of O3 formed

◦ To determine the volume of ozone (O3)

◦
 DID YOU KNOW THAT THE
RELATIONSHIP WE HAVE DISCUSSED
CAN BE COMBINED IN A SINGLE LAW?

IDEAL GAS LAW

By combining the gas laws we can write a
general equation.

PV= nRT
IDEAL GAS LAW

PV=nRT
constant n constant P
constant n
and T and T
and P

Boyle’s Law Avogadro’s Law

Charles’s Law
IDEAL GAS LAW
· R is called the gas constant.
· The value of R depends on the units of P and V.
We will use and convert P to atm and V to liters.

· The other gas laws are found in the ideal gas law if two
variables are kept constant.
· The ideal gas law allows us to find one of the variables if we
know the other three.
Standard Conditions
◦ Because the volume of a gas varies with pressure and
temperature, chemists have agreed on a set of conditions to
report our measurements so that comparison is easy.
We call these standard conditions.
STP
◦ Standard pressure = 1 atm
◦ Standard temperature = 273 K = 0 °C
Molar Volume
◦ The volume occupied by one mole of a substance is its molar
volume at STP
(T =273 K or 0 °C and P = 1atm).
Molar Volume at STP
◦ Solving the ideal gas equation for the volume of 1 mol of gas
at STP gives 22.4 L.
6.022 × 1023 molecules of gas
Notice that the gas is immaterial.
◦ We call the volume of 1 mole of gas at STP the molar volume.
It is important to recognize that one mole measure of
different gases have different masses, even though they have
the same volume.
MOLAR
VOLUME
AT STP
Density of a Gas at STP
◦ Density is the ratio of mass to volume.
◦ Density of a gas is generally given in g/L.
◦ The mass of 1 mole = molar mass.
◦ The volume of 1 mole at STP = 22.4 L.
Density of a Gas at STP
◦For example, the densities of helium and nitrogen
gas at STP are as follows:
Density calculation
PV=nRT
𝑚
𝑛=
𝑀

𝒎
𝒅=
𝑽
SAMPLE PROBLEM FOR IDEAL GAS
LAW
◦ Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is a colorless, odorless, very unreactive gas.
Calculate the pressure (in atm) exerted by 1.82 moles of the gas in a
steel vessel of volume 5.43 L at 69.5°C.
◦ Given information:
◦ n = 1.82 moles Solution:
◦ V = 5.43 L
◦ T = 69.5 °C + 273 = 342.5 K
◦ R = 0.0821 L∙atm/mol∙K
◦ P= ?
SAMPLE PROBLEM FOR IDEAL GAS
LAW
◦ Calculate the volume (in liters) occupied by 2.12 moles of
nitric oxide (NO) at 6.54 atm and 76°C
◦ Given information:
◦ n = 2.12 moles Solution:
◦ P = 6.54 atm
◦ T = 76 °C + 273 = 349 K
◦ R = 0.0821 L∙atm/mol∙K
◦ V= ?L
SAMPLE PROBLEM (density calculation)
◦ Calculate the density of carbon dioxide (CO2) in grams
per liter ( g/L) at 0.990 atm and 55°C.
◦ Given information:
◦ M = 44.01g/mol Solution:
◦ P = 0.990 atm
◦ T = 55 °C + 273 = 328 K
◦ R = 0.0821 L∙atm/mol∙K
◦ d= ?g/L
Mixtures of Gases
◦ Many gas samples are
not pure but are
mixtures of gases.
◦ Dry air, for example, is a
mixture containing
nitrogen, oxygen, argon,
carbon dioxide, and a
few other gases in trace
amounts.
Mixtures of Gases
◦ Therefore, in certain applications, the mixture can be thought
of as one gas.

Even though air is a mixture, we can measure the pressure,

volume, and temperature of air as if it were a pure
substance.

We can calculate the total moles of molecules in an air

sample, knowing P, V, and T, even though they are different
molecules.
PARTIAL PRESSURE
PARTIAL PRESSURE
◦ The pressure of a single gas in a mixture of gases is called its partial
pressure.
◦ We can calculate the partial pressure of a gas if
we know what fraction of the mixture it composes and the total pressure,
or we know the number of moles of the gas in a container of known volume and
temperature.
◦ The sum of the partial pressures of all the gases in the mixture equals
the total pressure:
Dalton’s law of partial pressures
Gases behave independently
Partial Pressure
◦ The pressure due to any individual component in a gas
mixture is its partial pressure (Pn).
◦ We can calculate partial pressure from the ideal gas law
by assuming that each gas component acts
independently.
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
◦ For a multicomponent gas mixture, we calculate the partial pressure of
each component from the ideal gas law and the number of moles of that
component ( nn ) as follows:

The sum of the partial pressures of the components in a gas mixture

equals the total pressure:
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
◦ P total is the total pressure and Pa, Pb, Pc, . . . are the partial
pressures of the components. This relationship is known as
Dalton’s law of partial pressures.
Mole Fraction
The ratio of the partial pressure a single gas contributes, and total
pressure is equal to the mole fraction.

The number of moles of a component in a mixture divided by the total

number of moles in the mixture, is the mole fraction.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
◦ A mixture of gases contains 4.46 moles of neon (Ne), 0.74 mole of
argon (Ar), and 2.15 moles of xenon (Xe). Calculate the partial
pressures of the gases if the total pressure is 2.00 atm at a certain
temperature.
◦ Solution:

◦
 Boyle’s Law

• 1- Spray paint.
• 2- Soda bottle or can
• 3 – Diving into deep water.

Charles’s Law
Application of • Hot Air Balloon

Gas Laws
• Bakery Products
• Helium Balloon On Cold Day

Avogadro’s Law

• Balloons
• Tyres
• Human Lungs
APPLICATION
OF DALTON’S
LAW OF
PARTIAL
PRESURE
 THANK YOU
FOR LISTENING