Ship Resistance

(NA-332)
Lt Muhammad Shakeel
 Ship Resistance
Lecture Outline
• Assumptions for Resistance Calculation
• Components of Ship Resistance
• Pressure Resistance
Introduction
Ship Performance Prediction
• Purpose of the ship performance prediction:
Maximize ship’s performance with minimum power requirement.

• Why?
• Speed is contractual design requirements;
• Optimum Power Requirements reduce ship cost;
• Lower Carbon Footprint and Fuel Consumption increase vessel’s sustainability
• Good Manoeuvring and Seakeeping performance increase vessel’s
controllability and operability.
Introduction
Ship Resistance and Propulsion
• The disturbance in the flow field caused by a ship motion results in
energy dissipation.

• Resistance: If the ship is pulled by indefinitely long pulling line, the

force in the line is equal to the ship resistance.
• Propulsion: a mechanism or system used to move a ship across
water.
Introduction
Ship Resistance
• Assumptions:
• Ship Steady Forward Motion
• Calm Water Resistance – No waves
• Naked Hull Resistance (without appendages) WHY ?
• Resistance and propulsion cannot be dealt separately since both effect each other.
However to make the problem simpler, they are treated separately by assuming:
• Ship being Towed by another ship with a very long towing line, thus no own
propulsion
Ship Steady Motion
Steady Motion at Low Speeds
• What is meant by Steady Motion ?
• Ships moving in seas will encounter waves
• It will either encounter waves or generate
waves
• Neither the surface area exposed to air nor
the water remain constant
• Thus resistance to motion vary
• A propulsor provides nominally a constant thrust to maintain forward motion
• Thus the combination result in continual change of forward speed
Ship Steady Motion
Steady Motion at Low Speeds
• What is meant by Steady Motion ? - Contd

• Here we will assume that all waves are

absent and vessel is moving in a still water
• Even then it isn’t the case of steady motion
• Propulsor produces time dependent
unsteady forward thrust
• However, we will assume that the fluctuation
due to propulsor are small and negligible and
we have a steady forward motion of ship
Ship Steady Motion
Steady Motion at Low Speeds
• Why do we have Low Speed ?
• We will find out later in more detail, why do we want this.
• Vessels moving forward with significant forward speeds will involve the
Hydrodynamic Forces
• Here we want to ignore them and only desire to involve Hydrostatic Forces
Ship Resistance in steady forward motion
Components of Resistance
TOTAL

Pressure Friction

Wave Viscous Pressure

Ship Resistance in steady forward motion
Components of Resistance

Total Resistance
RT

Pressure Resistance Skin Friction Resistance

RPr RF

Wave-making Resistance Viscous Pressure Resistance

Rw RPV
Ship Resistance in steady forward motion
Components of Resistance

Total Resistance
RT

Pressure Resistance Skin Friction Resistance

RPr RF

Wave-making Resistance Viscous Pressure Resistance

Rw RPV
Components of Resistance
Pressure Resistance - RPr
• In order to understand this, lets assume a fully submerged streamlined
body moving with steady forward motion

Direction in which body is

moving

• And we assume that the fluid is inviscid

• As body is fully submerged, there will be no waves
• There will be two pressures acting on the body in motion
Components of Resistance

Pressure Resistance - RPr

Concept of Buoyancy
• Hydrostatic Pressure - and Displacement

Water Surface

Depth - h
Ship

Beam - b
Components of Resistance

Pressure Resistance - RPr

Concept of Buoyancy
• Hydrostatic Pressure - and Displacement

Water Surface

Depth - h
Ship

Beam - b
Components of Resistance

Pressure Resistance - RPr

Concept of Buoyancy
• Hydrostatic Pressure - and Displacement

Water Surface

• Total Hydrostatic Force

Depth - h
Ship

Beam - b
where T is the draught of ship
Components of Resistance

Pressure Resistance - RPr

Concept of Buoyancy
• Hydrostatic Pressure and Displacement

where T is the draught of ship

• This force is per unit length of the ship. Multiplied with the length of the
ship, we get the buoyancy or upward force on ship
Components of Resistance
Concept of Buoyancy
Pressure Resistance - RPr and Displacement

• This force is per unit length of the ship. Multiplied with the length of the
ship, we get the buoyancy or upward force on ship

• Where is the density of sea water and TbL is a volume

• Thus, buoyancy force is equal to the mass of the water displaced by a
body
• That’s why Buoyancy force is also known as the displacement of a
Components of Resistance

Pressure Resistance - RPr

Concept of Buoyancy
• Hydrostatic Pressure - and Displacement

Water Surface
Depth – h1

Depth – h2
• Total Hydrostatic Force

Ship

Beam - b
Components of Resistance
Concept of Buoyancy
Pressure Resistance - RPr and Displacement

• If buoyancy force (Displacement) equals the weight of the ship, it will

float on the sea surface
• If the buoyancy force is less than the weight of the ship, it will sink and
sets on the Davy John’s Locker (sea bed)
• If the buoyancy force is more than the weight of
the ship, ship will rise until onto the surface until it
equals buoyancy with its weight
Components of Resistance

Pressure Resistance - RPr

• Coming back to our fully submerged body

Direction in which body is

moving

While this one is opposing the This little component is trying

ship’s motion (drag) helping the ship

• But these horizontal components cancel out and we left with vertical ones and the
difference of two will give us the buoyancy force.
• This means, there isn’t any drag or resistance offered to ship
Components of Resistance

Pressure Resistance - RPr

• D’Alembert Paradox – No drag

Direction in which body is

moving

While this one is opposing the This little component is trying

ship’s motion (drag) helping the ship
Components of Resistance

Pressure Resistance - RPr

• If the body is not symmetric, the horizontal component opposing and favoring the
forward motion of ship are no more equal

Direction in which body is

moving

While this one is opposing the This little component is trying

ship’s motion (drag) helping the ship

• Hence, there will be a resultant force acting on the ship and this is called Pressure
Resistance
Ship Resistance in steady forward motion
Components of Resistance

Total Resistance
RT

Pressure Resistance Skin Friction Resistance

RPr RF

Wave-making Resistance Viscous Pressure Resistance

Rw RPV
Components of Resistance

Viscous Pressure Resistance - RPV

• Infact fluid is not inviscid
• A boundary layer is formed. At the solid walls of the
body the fluid satisfies a no-slip boundary condition
and has zero velocity, but as you move away from
the wall, the velocity of the flow asymptotically
approaches the free stream mean velocity.
• German Engineer Ludwig Prandtl defines the
concept of boundary layer
Components of Resistance

Viscous Pressure Resistance - RPV

• Infact fluid is not inviscid
The horizontal component in
the front is same
The horizontal component on
the aft gets smaller
Direction in which body is
moving

• A boundary layer is formed and surface is blunted due to this

• Thus, there will be a resultant horizontal component, opposing the forward motion
of the body
• This opposing force is known as viscous pressure resistance or resistance due to
viscosity
Components of Resistance

Viscous Pressure Resistance - RPV

• Due to viscosity, a boundary layer will formed
• Due to boundary layer separation at the aft of the ship, eddies will formed

Eddies will formed

No more zero velocity
Direction of
V=0 Pressure reduces
flow
Stagnation Point
Pressure = Max

• Due to eddies, pressure will drop at the second stagnation point

• Difference between aft and forward pressure will give rise to drag or resistance
• This is also known as resistance due to eddies, a form of viscous pressure
resistance