ENGINEERED

NANOMATERIALS
GROUP 6
How small is it?
 ENGINEERED
NANOMATERIALS

•Chemical substances or materials that are

engineered with particle sizes between 1 to 100
nanometers in at least one dimension

•It is well established that engineered

nanomaterials derive many functional advantages
from their unique physical and chemical properties.
 FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF
NANOMATERIALS
•STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES
The crystal structure of nanomaterials may
not or may differ as that of bulk
one with different lattice parameters.
•THERMAL PROPERTIES
Thermal properties will alter as the
reduction in size toward nanosize.
 FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF
NANOMATERIALS

•CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Ionization energy of nanocluster is more

than that of bulk materials.
PROPERTIES OF
NANOMATERIALS
CONTINUATION
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

• Nanomaterials contain a large number of defects during their

fabrication, which influences the machanical properties. Some
nanostructures have very distinct properties, different from
their bulk structure because of their atomic structural
arrangement and may have different mechanical properties.
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES

• Large surface to volume of nanomaterials leads

to different magnetic coupling with neighboring
atoms results in different magnetic property
than that of bulk one. For a ferromagnetic
material, there are multiple magnetic domains
as shown in picture, but in case of nanosize of
that material, there is one domain, which
Multiple magnetic domains for
exhibits superparamagnetic phenomena. The bulk materials and mono-domains
magnetic moment of nanoparticles is very less for
than its bulk size. nanomaterials
OPTICAL PROPERTIES

• Optical properties depend on the transition barrier between valence band

and conduction band for a nano-sized material. In low-scaled
semiconductor and metal, a huge change in an optical property such as
color is observed. The gold nanoparticle colloidal solutions have a deep
red color, which changes to more yellow with the increment of the particle
size results in surface plasmon resonance in nano-scale materials.
ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES

• The electronic properties are related as wave-like property of the electron for all the
small-scaled materials. When size of the materials approaches to the de Broglie
wavelength, the limit of the energy states will be prominent. The conduction
material changes to insulator below the critical length scale, due to the widening of
their bandgap. Nanoparticles made of semiconducting materials Germanium (Ge),
Silicon (Si), and Cadmium (Cd) are not Semiconductors.
Nanotechnology deals with
various structures of matter
having dimensions of the order of
a billionth of a meter. From the
advent of nanotechnology, people
realized that certain materials can
exhibit different properties based
on its size and shape.
 Types of
NANOMATERIALS
 Nanoparticles can be
classified into different types
according to the size,
morphology, physical
and chemical properties. 
 Carbon-Based Nanoparticles
 Carbon-based nanoparticles include two
main materials: carbon nanotubes
(CNTs) and fullerenes.
 CNTs are nothing but graphene sheets rolled
into a tube. These materials are mainly used
for the structural reinforcement as they are
100 times stronger than steel.
 Fullerenes are the allotropes of carbon
having a structure of hollow cage of sixty or
more carbon atoms.
 Ceramic Nanoparticles
 Ceramic nanoparticles are inorganic
solids made up of oxides, carbides,
carbonates and phosphates.
 These nanoparticles have high heat
resistance and chemical inertness.
 They have applications in photocatalysis,
photodegradation of dyes, drug delivery,
and imaging.
 Metal Nanoparticles
 Metal nanoparticles are prepared from
metal precursors.
 These nanoparticles can be synthesized
by chemical, electrochemical, or
photochemical methods.
 Inchemical methods, the metal nanoparticles
are obtained by reducing the metal-ion
precursors in solution by chemical reducing
agents.
 Semiconductor Nanoparticles
 Semiconductor nanoparticles have
properties like those of metals and non-
metals. 
 They are found in the periodic table in
groups  II-VI, III-V or IV-VI.
 These particles have wide bandgaps, which
on tuning shows different properties.
 They are used in photo catalysis, electronics
devices, photo-optics and water splitting
applications.
 Polymeric Nanoparticles
 Polymeric nanoparticles are organic
based nanoparticles.
 Depending upon the method of
preparation, these have structures
shaped like nanocapsular or
nanospheres.
 A nanosphere particle has a matrix-like structure
whereas the nanocapsular particle has core-shell
morphology.
 Lipid-Based Nanoparticles
 Lipid nanoparticles are generally spherical in
shape with a diameter ranging from 10 to
100nm.
 It consists of a solid core made of lipid and a
matrix containing soluble lipophilic molecules.
 The external core of these nanoparticles is
stabilized by surfactants and emulsifiers.
 These nanoparticles have application in the
biomedical field as a drug carrier and delivery
and RNA release in cancer therapy.
Methods of Synthesis
of Nanoparticles
BY PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
ꙮChemical Methods
•The Polyol method
•Microemulsions
•Thermal decomposition
• Electrochemical synthesis
•The Polyol Method
-The Polyol method is a chemical method for the synthesis of nanoparticles.

This method uses nonaqueous liquid (polyol) as a solvent and reducing

agent. The nonaqueous solvents that are used in this method have an

advantage of minimizing surface oxidation and agglomeration. This method

allows flexibility on controlling of size, texture, and shape of nanoparticles.

Polyol method can also be used in producing nanoparticles in large scale.

•Microemulsions
-An emulsion is a liquid in liquid dispersion. A solution of polymers can

produce emulsions as it is liquid. Emulsions are divided according to the size

of droplet, i.e., macro-emulsions, mini-emulsions, and micro-emulsions.

Micro-emulsion synthesis method is widely used for the production of

inorganic nanoparticles . When oil and water are mixed, they separate into two

phases as they are immiscible. The energy input is required to mix the two

phases to create water-oil.

•Thermal decomposition
-Thermal decomposition also known as thermolysis is a chemical

decomposition that is caused by heat. In this method, the heat is required

to break chemical bonds in the compound undergoing decomposition

and the reaction is endothermic. If decomposition is sufficiently

exothermic, a positive feedback loop is created producing thermal

runaway.
• Electrochemical synthesis
-Electrochemical synthesis is the synthesis of chemical compounds in an

electrochemical cell. The main advantage of electrochemical synthesis

over an ordinary chemical reaction is rejection of the potential wasteful

alternative half-reaction and the ability to accurately tune the preferred

potential.
ꙮPhysical Methods
• Mechanical Milling
• Laser Ablation
 •Mechanical Milling
- nanoparticles from mechanical attrition are produced by Top-down process.
-It refers to slicing or successive cutting of a
bulk material to get a nano sized particles.

BULK
NANO PARTICLES
•Laser Ablation
- Using laser light to vaporize materials.
-Nanoparticles by laser ablation, which involves the generation of
nanoparticles by laser ablating a solid target that lies in a gaseous or
liquid environment and collection of the nanoparticles in the form of
nanopowder or a colloidal solution.
- it is an easy, fast and straightforward for nanoparticles synthesis or
generation as compared to other methods.
-in the event that generation occurs in water , the resulting nanoparticles,
colloidal solutions are ultra pure (means they do not contain any counter
ions or reactions by products), so we can use the nanoparticles for
biological applications.
•Laser Ablation
Cite application
of nanomaterials
TEAM 6
IN MEDICINE
◦ Researchers are developing customized nanoparticles in the field of
medical application to deliver drugs to specific cells. Due to
nanotechnology, there is a great reduction in damage treatment such
as chemotherapy. Nanotechnology and Nanomaterial Applications in
Food, Health, and Biomedical Sciences research that involves the use
of nanorobots, which work at the cellular level sometimes referred to
as nanomedicine.
IN ENERGY PRODUCTION
◦ Advances in nanotechnology directed to energy saving and energy
production by creating storage system, intermediate conversion
system, manufacturing development by minimizing materials and
process rates and enhanced renewable energy sources.
IN ELECTRONICS

◦ Nanotechnology helping to improve data memory, improved high-

definition television (HDTV) and LCD monitors, laser diodes,
glass fibers, filters, conductive and antistatic coatings. A memory
chip that uses CNTs can be applied instead of high-density flash
memory chips. Single-atom thick graphene film can build high-
speed transistors
IN ENVIRONMENT
◦ In propylene oxide used manufacturing plant the polluting by-
products can be checked using a catalyst of silver nanoclusters.
Propylene oxide applied to produce plastics, paint, detergents,
brake fluid, clearing volatile organic compounds from air and
organic chemicals in groundwater. Nanotechnology developed the
efficient and cheap water purification systems, which permits only
water molecules through it.
IN DEFENSE
◦ Nanomaterials with nano design provide larger strength for bullet
shielding which is much more effective, lightweight, and resistant
to chemical and biological attacks. Nanomaterials also reduce the
rotor vibration, improving the performance of helicopter rotors.
Lightweight solar sails using CNT can use the sunlight to propel
the spacecraft up to long range, which is a future solution for fuel
energy.
IN MANUFACTURING
◦ Now a day researchers are trying to develop nano steel. Arcelor
Mittal is producing nanoparticle content steel to produce thinner
gauge, lighter beams, and plates with a lower cost. These steel
beams and steel plates are approximately same weight as Al. CNT
embedded materials are more interesting to use in many
structural devices. Buckyball is the lightweight nanomaterials,
used for making badminton racquets which gives greater hitting
power and stability.
IN CONSUMER PRODUCTS
◦ Nanoparticle minerals used in sunscreen gives longer stability
with better biocompatibility, which can strongly block UV rays
fall on the skin. Nano-sized TiO2 and ZnO2 are applied in most of
the sunscreens, as their absorption and reflection capacity is very
high.
IN CONSTRUCTION
◦ Nanotechnology is the pillar to construct strengthen and safer
structure much more quickly with lowering the cost. Thin film on
the glass is an important material for developing chromogenic-
systems (electrochromic, thermo-chromic, photochromic, and gas
chromic) on the walls, doors, and windows. Here nanotechnology
utilized to give an effective solution by blocking the incoming light
and heat through the glass.
IN AGRICULTURE
◦ A huge development occurs in agriculture and food industries due
to the application of nanotechnology from production, processing
to waste treatment. Herbicides, chemicals, or genes contain
nanoparticles (magic bullets) can target specific parts of plants to
discharge their content.
IN CHEMICAL
◦ Catalytic activity depends on the contact surface area. As the
higher relative surface area of nanomaterials, the catalytic effect
will be higher. Nano-materials have higher chemical reactivity
with other chemicals. Platinum nanoparticles are used in
automotive catalytic converters due to the higher surface area of
nanoparticles can decrease the required platinum amount. 
Reference:

◦ 1. Abolfazl, A.; Samiei, M.; Davaran, S. Magnetic Nanoparticles: Preparation, Physical Properties, and Applications in Biomedicine. Nanoscale Res. Lett.
2012, 7 (1), 144. DOI: 10.1186/1556-276X-7-144
◦ 2. Capek, I. Preparation of Metal Nanoparticles in Water-in-oil (w/o) Microemulsions. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2004, 110 (1–2), 49–74. DOI:
10.1016/j.cis.2004.02.003.
◦ 3. Schodek, D. L.; Ferreira, P.; Ashby, M. F. Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies and Design: An Introduction for Engineers and Architects. Butterworth-
Heinemann, 2009, 560, ISBN: 9780080941530.

◦ 4. Dong-Hwang, C.; Xin-Rong, He. Synthesis of Nickel Ferrite Nanoparticles by Sol-gel Method. Mater. Res. Bull. 2001, 36, 1369–1377.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-5408(01)00620-1
◦ 5. Eugene, V. D. Trends in Nanotechnology Research. Verlag: Nova Publishers, 2004, ISBN: 9781594540912.

◦ 6. Gleiter, H. Nanostructured Materials: Basic Concepts and Microstructure. Acta Materialia, 2000, 48 (1), 1–29.

◦ 7. Jolivet, J. P.; Tronc, E.; Chaneac, C. Synthesis of Iron Oxide- and Metal-based Nanomaterials. Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. 2000, 10, 167–172.

◦ 8. Jung, K. O.; Jong, M. Park. Iron Oxide-based Superparamagnetic Polymeric Nanomaterials: Design, Preparation, and Biomedical Application. Prog. Polym.
Sci. 2011, 36 (1), 168–189.194 Nanotechnology and Nanomaterial Applications in Food, Health, and Biomedical Sciences
◦ 9. Lee, J.; Zhou, F.; Chung, K.; Kim, N.; Lavernia, E. Grain Growth of Nanocrystalline Ni Powders Prepared by Cryomilling. Metal. Mater. Trans. A, 2001, 32
(12), 3109-3115.
◦ 10. Lu, H.; Hsu, C.; Lin, I.; Weng, C. Method for Preparing ITO Nanometer Powders. U.S. Patent Application, US 2003/0211032 A1, 2003
Thank you.
TEAM 6
Reference:
1. Abolfazl, A.; Samiei, M.; Davaran, S. Magnetic Nanoparticles: Preparation, Physical Properties, and Applications in Biomedicine. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2012, 7 (1), 144. DOI:
10.1186/1556-276X-7-144

2. Capek, I. Preparation of Metal Nanoparticles in Water-in-oil (w/o) Microemulsions. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2004, 110 (1–2), 49–74. DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2004.02.003.

3. Schodek, D. L.; Ferreira, P.; Ashby, M. F. Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies and Design: An Introduction for Engineers and Architects. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2009, 560,
ISBN: 9780080941530.

4. Dong-Hwang, C.; Xin-Rong, He. Synthesis of Nickel Ferrite Nanoparticles by Sol-gel Method. Mater. Res. Bull. 2001, 36, 1369–1377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-
5408(01)00620-1

5. Eugene, V. D. Trends in Nanotechnology Research. Verlag: Nova Publishers, 2004, ISBN: 9781594540912.

6. Gleiter, H. Nanostructured Materials: Basic Concepts and Microstructure. Acta Materialia, 2000, 48 (1), 1–29.

7. Jolivet, J. P.; Tronc, E.; Chaneac, C. Synthesis of Iron Oxide- and Metal-based Nanomaterials. Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. 2000, 10, 167–172.

8. Jung, K. O.; Jong, M. Park. Iron Oxide-based Superparamagnetic Polymeric Nanomaterials: Design, Preparation, and Biomedical Application. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2011, 36 (1),
168–189.194 Nanotechnology and Nanomaterial Applications in Food, Health, and Biomedical Sciences

9. Lee, J.; Zhou, F.; Chung, K.; Kim, N.; Lavernia, E. Grain Growth of Nanocrystalline Ni Powders Prepared by Cryomilling. Metal. Mater. Trans. A, 2001, 32 (12), 3109-3115.

10. Lu, H.; Hsu, C.; Lin, I.; Weng, C. Method for Preparing ITO Nanometer Powders. U.S. Patent Application, US 2003/0211032 A1, 2003
MEMBERS:
Vince Laxrey D. Sagun – Leader
Shane Patrick Panilag
Nomer L. Docuyan Jr.
John Eloise B. Cahagnaan
Ariel Abrea
Elmer Christian B. Silva
Joey Ryan A. Lanticse Jr.