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RESEARCH
THINK-PAIR-SHARE

1. What type of data are collected in

quantitative research?
Think-tank.
• Think of 3 major differences of qualitative research and quantitative
research by group. (3minutes) Present it through a matrix or venn
diagram.

Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH is…
• It may be defined as the systematic empirical
investigation of social phenomena using tools
of mathematics and statistics.

• the term “quantitative” emphasizes that this

type of research involves quantification or
measurement and usually involves
numbers.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH is…
• The term “empirical” means that is
concerned with things or characteristics that
are observable.

• the term “social phenomena” emphasizes

that it is concerned with people, their
communities, their organization
or even their behavior.
 QUANTITATIVE method is…
• …referring to the various quantitative
techniques for the collection , analysis and
interpretation of data. Survey is one of the
most popular techniques of collecting data.

• Descriptive statistics and interpretative

statistics are commonly used for analyzing
data.
FEATURES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Quantitative research is
differentiated from qualitative research
by:
1) the kind of research problems its addresses;
2) its philosophical underpinning;
3) its adoption of the scientific method;
4) its deductive orientation
FEATURES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Measurement and Quantitative

Research
The quantitative research approach is
best for addressing research problems
or questions that require quantification
or measurement. Certain traits can be
empirically observed, measured and
represented using a number.
FEATURES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Empiricism and Positivism: The

philosophical underpinning
In positivism, authoritative
knowledge is believed to come from
empirical observation and the use of
logic.
FEATURES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Empiricism and Positivism: The

philosophical underpinning
In empiricism, researchers believe
that what cannot be observed using
the five senses cannot be reasonably
studied.
FEATURES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Scientific method in the social sciences
Identify research
problem and
state research
question

Conclude and
Review related
make
literature
recommendations

Formulate
framework and (if
Analyze data
applicable)
hypothesis

Choose data
Collect data collection method
and analysis
FEATURES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Scientific method in the social

sciences
Standard of replicability. This
means that the other researchers
should be able to conduct similar
study on the same subject following
the same steps and expect to get
similar results.
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

The type of inquiry and the methods

used to analyzed data differentiates
the varied types of research.
1. Descriptive
2. Correlational
3. Causal-Comparative
4. Experimental
 TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

1. Descriptive Research is generally concerned

with investigating, measuring and describing one
or more aspects or characteristics of one or
more groups, communities or phenomenon.
It answers the questions that start with:
a. How many…
b. How much…
c. How often…
d. How long…
 TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

1. Descriptive Research
Example: A grade school principal is
interested in understanding the study habits
of students in the different grade levels and
sections within the school. Based on the
survey, the principal can learn about the
average time that students in each section
and each grade level spends on homework,
projects, reviewing, watching TV etc.
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

2. Correlational Research studies the

relationship between two or more
characteristics of one or more
groups. It can verify or disprove a
systematic relationship between two
characteristics or variables
 TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

2. Correlational Research
A positive relationship means that high
values of one variable correspond with high
values of the other; a negative relationship
that the high values of one variable
correspond with low values in the other.
Example: A principal is interested to know
whether the time spent by pupils playing
computer games affects their grades.
 TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
3. Causal-comparative Research compares
One or more measurable characteristics of
two or more groups to find the similarities
and differences between them. Its results can
be used to determine the possible underlying
causes of these similarities and differences.
Example: A principal might want to know
why students from two sections that have the
same teachers at the same grade level in the
same school perform differently.
 TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
4. Experimental Research attempts to
approximate methods used in the
natural sciences in social settings. It
involves manipulation of conditions or
inputs to observe the outcomes.
Example: A PE teacher wants to know
whether exercising in the morning three
times a week affects the length of sleep of
pupils get at night.
STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
1. It offers breadth.
2. Studies using quantitative research are
generally easier to replicate.
3. Communicating data, procedures and
results are easier.
4. It is easier to summarize, describe,
process and analyze large
volumes of information
5. It promotes objectivity.
 WEAKNESSES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

1. Some aspects of people, human behavior and

interactions are often difficult to measure.
2. Emphasis on generalizability and trends
hinders deeper examination.
3. Context and other information can get lost in
the measurement and macro examination of
data.
4. Errors in measurement can easily lead to
misinterpretation.
5. Some tools used may yield limited
or inaccurate information.
Brainstorm

Debate on the topic "Should Quantitative

Research be conducted despite its
weaknesses?". The class will be grouped
into two. Group 1 will serve as the team
that supports resolution (pro) and Group
2 will serve as the team that opposes the
resolution (con).
Seeing it clearer

Recall a situation at home that requires

quantitative research?

How did the results of the research help

you?
KWL Chart.
• Fill - out the chart of the Pros and Cons of using quantitative research
in your activity notebook.

Pros Cons
Quiz 3.1

• Answer the following questions.

1. What is
quantitative research? (2pts)
2. What are the characteristics of
quantitative research? (2pts)
3. What are the
features of quantitative research? (4 pts)
4. Distinguish the types
of quantitative research. (8pts)
5. What are the advantages
and disadvantages of quantitative research? (4pts)
Objectives
1. Identify the fields where
research is important
2.
Determine the importance of
research
MatchList
Identify the kind of quantitative research that
would best fit the given titles.
1.A study on illegal drugs and crime rate
2. A research on the
effects of social media on anxiety
3. A study on
the effects of single parenthood to the academic
achievement of the children.
4. A study on poverty and corruption
5. A research on political orientation and
attitudes toward death penalty
Why do you think research
is important in our daily
lives?
•Through a 2-minute skit, present
the role played by research in
various fields.
Message/Content- 5
Originality- 5
Relevance to the topic-5
 Importance of Quantitative Research
1. More reliable and objective
2. Can use statistics to generalize a finding
3. Often reduces and restructures a
complex problem to a limited number of
variables
4. Looks at relationships between variables
and can establish cause and effect
in highly controlled circumstances
 Importance of Quantitative Research
5. Tests theories or hypotheses
6. Assumes sample as representative of the
population
7.Subjectivity of researcher in
methodology is recognized less
8. Less detailed than qualitative data and
may miss a desired response from the
participant
The Importance of Quantitative Research
Across Fields

Quantitative methods are used

across different disciplines, such as
political science, economics,
sociology, demography, psychology,
business and management,
development studies and law.
Politics, Governance and Public
Administration
• Quantitative methods are an indispensable
tool for many political scientists and
practitioners of politics.
Example: Study on the effect of
campaign advertising on voters in an
attempt to resolve contending views.
Politics, Governance and Public
Administration
• It is also used to systematically collect and
analyze information to better perform their
mandates
Example: Statistics collected and released
by the Philippine Statistical Authority (PSA)
enables us to gain a better understanding of
poverty, unemployment, education and other
aspects of the national situation.
Business, Management and Economics

•It is often used to collect and analyze

information on customer preference
and product performance as well as
overall business performance.
Example: companies who wish to
improve the sales of their products
typically hire research specialists to
collect information on which products
are in demand.
Business, Management and Economics

• Economics deals with the production,

distribution and consumption of goods and
services.
Example: Bank and investment
companies rely on analysis and predictions in
making business decisions. They may ask
economists to determine which industries and
companies are likely to be profitable and to
make good investments.
Environment and Development Studies

•Development goals, such as the

United Nation’s Millennium
Development Goals (MDG) of 2000-
2015 and the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) of 2015-
2030 are such examples.
Environment and Development Studies

•It is also useful for measuring and

studying environmental issues such as
the depletion rate of forest covers, the
impacts of increasing greenhouse gases,
the effects of dynamite fishing on the
environment and communities and even
the status of different animal
species, among others.
Education, Sociology and Psychology

• Education
a. Measuring the learning and
performance of individuals and groups
b. assessment and comparison of the
effectiveness of different pedagogical
approaches.
c. Comparing academic
performance.
Education, Sociology and Psychology

• Psychology
Psychometrics- a branch of
psychology concerned with the
measurement of traits like intelligence,
skills, knowledge, attitudes, personality
traits and educational achievement. IQ
and personality tests are some of the
instruments used.
Education, Sociology and Psychology

• Psychology
Example : research of Davies (2003)
on characters in commercial cartoons
broadcasted in the US.
Education, Sociology and Psychology

•Sociology
quantitative methods are used to
discover trends and patterns in the
behavior of individuals or groups of
people, as well as the underlying rules
that govern them.
It concerns about charity,
racism, health, etc.
Looking Forward.
• By group, complete the diagram below and prepare to share it to the
class.
Field

Importance

Field

Importance

Field

Importance
 Quiz 3.2
Read and analyze the research titles that will be given by
the teacher. Then, determine the field which will benefit
from the given list.

1. Syntactic Competence of the Grade 12

EIM students of SPSHS
2. The Pursuit of Happiness: An Exploration of the Effects
of State Unemployment and Inflation Rates on Subjective
Well-Being in the United States (2014)
3. Examination of the Relationship between mother's
employment status and one's family gender role attitudes
(2012)
4. Attitudes and Ambivalence toward Presidential
Candidates: An Asymmetric Nonlinear Approach (2006)
WORDSCAPES
AVISBRE
AL
Objectives
1. Define variable
2. Classify the types of variables
3. Outline the uses of variables in
quantitative research
 VARIABLES
• It is a central idea in quantitative
research.
• It refers to the characteristics or
attribute that takes on different values.
• They are measurable attributes or
characteristics that can vary for different
cases.
VARIABLES
•These attributes should be
able to take on at least two
distinct values or have at least
two distinct categories, e.g.
gender—male or female.
 Four Types of Operational
Variables
1. Independent variables or change
variables- variables that cause
changes in a phenomenon or
situation. These are also called
treatment, antecedent,
manipulated, or predictor
variables.
Four Types of Operational
Variables
1. Independent variables or
change variables- Example:
the level of affection exhibited
by parents is an independent
variable which influences the
academic performance of their
children.
Four Types of Operational
Variables
1. Independent variables or
change variables- Example: A
person’s religious affiliation is
an independent variable and
can be measured through how
much it influences one’s voting
preference.
 Four Types of Operational
Variables
2. Dependent variables or
outcome variables- these are
effects brought by the
independent variables. These are
also referred as outcome, effect,
or response variable.
Four Types of Operational
Variables
2. Dependent variables or outcome
variables- Example: the number of
migrants to a host country is dependent
variable of the socioeconomic
conditions in a source country. Low
income levels in a source country
may influence more people
to migrate
Four Types of Operational
Variables
3. Intervening variables-
these variables are the
links between
dependent and
independent variables.
 Four Types of Operational
Variables
3. Intervening variables- Example:
A study looking into the impact of
a country’s regime type and a
country’s support for LGBT rights
may be influenced by the
country’s level of
freedom of assembly.
Four Types of Operational
Variables
3. Antecedent variables-
these are independent
variables which precede
other independent
variables.
 Four Types of Operational Variables
3. Antecedent variables- These are
the variables which affect the link
between the cause, connecting, and
effect variables. They increase or
decrease the strength of the
relationship between
independent and dependent
variables.
MEASURING VARIABLES
Variables can be classified according to the data they contain.

Statistical
Data

Categorica Numerical
l Variable Variable

Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

NOMINAL VARIABLES

It can be assigned with a

code in the form of a
number where the numbers
are simply labels.
Examples: gender, eye color
ORDINAL VARIABLES

These have all the characteristics

of a nominal variable but ranked in
a certain order.
Examples: Social class (upper,
middle, low); competition results
(first, second, third);
Typhoon signal (1,2,3)
INTERVAL VARIABLES
An interval measure describes
a variable whose attributes are
rank-ordered and have equal
distances between adjacent
attributes. These do not have
“true zero” value, since zero
does not actually
represent none or nothing.
INTERVAL VARIABLES

Examples: Fahrenheit
temperature scale (the
difference between 70 and 80
degrees is the same as 30 and
40 degrees); IQ scores;
Age
RATIO VARIABLES
These have the characteristics
of nominal, ordinal, and interval
measures. They are fixed starting
point or a “true zero point”
(Kumar, 1996; Babbie, 2010). The
value of zero represents none
or nothing.
RATIO VARIABLES

Examples: Annual Family

Income in Thousands of
Pesos (P 1200, P2750)
Number of students per
classroom ( 38, 47, 54)
Voter Turnout
 Uses of Variables in
Quantitative Research
• Classifying
• Measuring
• Explaining
• Assessing relationships
Group Venn.
Using Venn Diagrams,
show the similarities
and differences of the
types of variables.
 Practical Exercises I
Identify the different types of variables
in the given example.
1. A study was conducted to find out
the effects of different study habits
on examination performance. The
study followed student-participants
who were assigned randomly to
one of two conditions.
 Practical Exercises I
The first group was asked to study
individually using class lecture
notes. The second group was
asked to study together, allowing
discussions. The amount of time
given to both groups were
similar.
a. What is the independent variable?

b. What is the dependent variable?

Identify the type of measurement scale
used in each example. Use N for
nominal, O for Ordinal, I for interval
and R for Ratio.
____1. Political parties (liberal,
democrat)
____2. Attitude (favor, not in favor)
____3. Attitudes (very unfavorable,
unfavorable, neutral, favorable, very
favorable)
____4. Socioeconomic status (upper, middle,
low)
____5. Temperature( Celsius – 0C, Fahrenheit-
32F
____6. Population of a country
____7. Gender (male, female, others)
____8. Test score
____9. Senatorial race results
____10. Age
Time to Contemplate.
Ask the students to think of the
question that has been lingering in
their mind. Let them share it to the
class
Question to Ponder
How do you respond to the queries
that you have in mind? What do you
do to answer these queries?
Having been a student of Practical
Research 1, how does it affect you in
terms of solving and addressing
queries?
Directions: Put check if the statement is right about formulating a
research title. Write your answer on the space provided.

1. ___Research title must be original, clear, concise or specific.

2. ___Broad topics are better than specific ones.
3. ___Research title is a product of real observations
4. ___Avoid using abbreviations.
5. ___Create positive impressions and stimulate reader interest.
6. ___Suggest a relationship between variables which supports the
major
7. ___Indicate accurately the subject and scope of the study.
8. ___No words limitation as long as substantive.
9. ___Titles are usually in the form of phrase.
10. ___Identify the key variables (independent and dependent)
Identifying a Potential
Research Topic
Research Topic
-It sets the direction of a research
project.
-It becomes the basis for formulating
the research questions, identifying
literature that should be reviewed,
narrowing down appropriate theories
and frameworks.
Identifying a Potential
Research Topic
Research Topic
-Creswell (2014) defines a
research topic as “the issue
or problem leading to the
need for the research”
Say B or S.

1. Blended Learning in English Classes

2. The Cause and Effect Relationships of
Social Networking and Online selling
3. The Impact of New Normal on Movie
Industry
4 Presidential Election Results
5. Vegetarianism on Physical Health
Research Topic Research
Question
It is a general idea, The research
issue or problem question is a specific
being considered for question intended
investigation to be answered
through research.
 Sources of Potential Research Topics
Johnson and Reynolds (2012)
identified three possible sources
for research topics:
a. Personal
b. Non-scholarly
c. Scholarly
 Sources of Potential Research Topics

Personal sources
This refers to one’s personal
experiences. These topics are
influenced by individual’s
perspectives, inclinations and
values.
Sources of Potential Research Topics

Non-scholarly sources
It includes newspapers,
magazines, radio, television and
internet sources. These sources
provide researchers information on
current affairs and political, social,
Economic or cultural issues.
Sources of Potential Research
Topics
Scholarly literature
It includes journal articles,
books, research paper and
documents written by
academics, professionals and
research organization.
Choosing Relevant Research Topics

• Ideally, research topics should satisfy two important

criteria:
1. It should pose a question that is relevant to
the real world.
2. It should make a specific contribution to
the scholarly literature by adding to our
collective understanding of the
world through scientific explanation
 Choosing Relevant Research Topics

•A good research topic have the

potential to foster new
understanding of phenomena,
identify possible causes and/or
effects, or develop
recommendations that are
beneficial to people’s lives.
CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE
RESEARCH TITLES

1. Provide the necessary information

2. Choose the appropriate wording
3. Be mindful of the length
4. Observe proper grammar and
capitalization
5. Cite properly
Food Packaging Made of Cogon Grass
Spider Silk is a type of textile fiber.
Mortar made of Mollusk Shell-Based
Adhesives.

Fruits can be used to generate electricity.

Experiment with different fruits to see
which ones can generate electricity.

Making Guava Soap (with a twist).

Use of cooking oil as a substitute for diesel
fuel in Develop a third alternative fuel source.
Repurifying Cooking Oil That Has Been Used.

Alternative Methods of Producing Iodized Salt

is the fifth project in the series.

Development of biodegradable plastic.

Solar Water Purification is on the list.
Solid Waste Management Plan
The Introduction
• This chapter or section gives the
readers an overview of what the
entire study is all about.
• It aims to introduce the readers
to the research topic and the
research problem that the study is
trying to address.
 The Introduction
• It is composed of the:
a. Background of the Study
b. Statement of the
Problem
c. Significance of the Study
d. Scope and delimitation
The Background of the Study
• It provides the reader with the
context and explain the
circumstances that led to the
study. It can discuss briefly the
specific problem or situation,
conflict of ideas, gaps in
knowledge, literature or theories
that caught your attention.
The Background of the
Study
•It answers the question,
“Why are you studying this
particular research topic?”
What to write?
1. Begin with a description or
overview of a situation or
idea of interest to the real
world (conflict of ideas,
situation that you want to
solve or investigate)
What to write?
2. Brief mention of selected
literature or studies related to
the situation
3. Short discussion of what is
missing or the gaps in the
existing literature that the
study wants to fill in.
 Characteristics of a Good
Background of the Study
1. Concise. It means that the
background should not be written
too long.
2. Clearly written. Background
should be written using simple,
easy to understand words with a
minimum of complicated technical
terminologies or jargon.
 Characteristics of a Good
Background of the Study

3. Persuasive. It should
convince readers that the
study is interesting,
important and worth
reading.
 Study time and the Exam
Performance of Select
HUMSS/HE 12 Students
in San Pascual Senior
High School 1
Based on the given topic, write
an outline of your background
of the study
Statement of the Problem

• It is also known as the research puzzle

or the problematique.
• It is a formal articulation of the specific
topic which you intend to address
through research.
• It is the core of the study.
Research Questions…
a. Guide the literature search
b. Guide on what research design to use (e.g.
qualitative or quantitative)
c. Guide the researcher about what data to
collect and from whom.
d. Guide in analyzing and presenting the data
e. Limit the scope of the study
f. Provide a clear sense of what the
research is about and what it wishes
to achieve
Common Types of Research Questions in
Quantitative Research

• Descriptive Research Questions

• Comparative research questions
• Relational Research Questions
Descriptive Research Questions

These seek to objectively describe

particular characteristics or attributes of a
person, group, institution or
phenomenon.
Question: How many calories does the
average American consume per day?
Variable: Daily intake of calories
Group: A group of 1,200 Americans
Comparative Research Questions

These compare two or more

characteristics or attributes of a
person, group, institution or
phenomenon.
Comparative Research Questions

Question: Does the recent initiative of

certain elementary public schools to give
free lunch to its students have an impact
on the students’ academic performance?
D. Variable: Students’ academic
performance
Group: Elementary students who
received and did not receive free lunch
Comparative Research Questions

Question: Despite similar socioeconomic

and political growth trajectories in the
1970’s, how was South Korea able to
sustain its rise in economi development?
D. Variable: Economic Development
Group: South Korea, Philippines
Comparative Research Questions

Question: Does the recent initiative of

certain elementary public schools to give
free lunch to its students have an impact
on the students’ academic performance?
D. Variable: Students’ academic
performance
Group: Elementary students who
received and did not receive free lunch
Relational Research Questions

It seeks to understand the

relationship between two or
more aspects or characteristics
of one or more persons,
groups, institutions or
phenomenon.
Relational Research Questions
Question: Does a Filipino’s socioeconomic
class affect the likelihood of supporting the
implementation of death penalty in the
country?
D. Variable: Attitude towards death penalty
I. Variable: Respondent’s socioeconomic
class
Group: A sample size proportionally
representative of the Philippine
population
Relational Research Questions
Question: What is the relationship
between study time and exam scores
amongst university students?
D. Variable: Exam scores
I. Variable: Study time
Group: University students
What makes a good research question?

• The research question is the heart of the

study.
1. It should clarify what information needs to

be gathered.
2. It should be empirical.
3. It should be complex and not terminal.
4. It should be relevant.
5. It should be practical.
•Example no. 1
•A. How does social media affect
people’s behavior?
•
B. What effect does the daily use of
YouTube have on the attention span
of children aged under 16?
• Example no. 2
A. Has there been an increase in childhood
obesity in the US in the past 10 years?

B. How have school intervention programs and

parental education levels affected the rate of
childhood obesity among 1st to 6th-grade
students?
How to structure quantitative
research questions
• Choose your starting phrase
• Identify and name the dependent variable
• Identify the group(s) you are interested in
• Decide whether the dependent variable or
group(s) should be included first, last or in two
parts
• Include any words that provide greater context
to your question
• Write out the descriptive research question
How many calories do American men and women consume
per day?

How often do British university students use Facebook each

week?

What are the most important factors that influence the career

choices of Australian university students?

What proportion of British male and female university

students use the top 5 social networks?

What percentage of American men and women exceed their

daily calorific allowance?
• Group 1st; dependent variable 2nd:
• How often do British university students use
Facebook each week?
• Dependent variable 1st; group 2nd:
• What are the most important factors that
influence the career choices of Australian
university students?
•What percentage of American men and
women exceed their daily calorific
allowance?

•What are the most important factors

that influence the career choices of
Australian university students?
• How many calories do American men and women consume per
day?

• How often do British university students use Facebook each

week?

• What are the most important factors that influence the career
choices of Australian university students?

• What proportion of British male and female university students

use the top 5 social networks?

• What percentage of American men and women exceed their

daily calorific allowance?
Comparative

• What is the difference in the daily calorific intake of

American men and women?
• What is the difference in the weekly photo uploads on
Facebook between British male and female university
students?
• What are the differences in perceptions towards
Internet banking security between adolescents and
pensioners?
• What are the differences in attitudes towards music
piracy when pirated music is freely distributed or
purchased?
• What is the difference in the daily calorific intake of
American men and women?

• What is the difference in the weekly photo uploads on

Facebook between British male and female university
students?

• What are the differences in perceptions towards Internet

banking security between adolescents and pensioners?

• What are the differences in attitudes towards music

piracy when pirated music is freely distributed or
purchased?
Relational
• What is the relationship between gender and
attitudes towards music piracy amongst
adolescents?

• What is the relationship between study time and

exam scores amongst university students?

• What is the relationship of career prospects, salary

and benefits, and physical working conditions on
job satisfaction between managers and non-
managers
This study aims to determine the relationship
between the types learning delivery mode and
students’ learning styles. Furthermore, it seeks to
answer the following research questions:
(1) What are the different learning delivery modes of
the school?
(2) What are the various learning styles of the
students?
(3) Is there a significant relationship between the
different learning delivery modes of the school and
the learning styles of its students?
Application on the generation of mazes for computer
games. 
WEB service for building multi-dimensional polynomial
regression by redundant description. 
Journey to a new, better energy industry. 
The world’s largest solar power plant. 
Free energy source. 
Mathematical logic and its achievements. 
Mathematical reasoning and proof in mathematics. 
Mathematics in architecture. Plato body. Symmetry and
harmony of the world around.  Application of Excel
table processor capabilities for cost calculation
Role of the population in energy saving. 
• Money spent on mind development is never wasted. 
• American depression and its impact on the world economy.

• The energy-independent school. 
• Metalworking. Making a badge by casting. 
• Research of model properties of different models of paper
airplanes. 
• Climate Change 
• Waste Management  Pollution control 
• Food and Nutrition  Renewable Energy Sources 
• Disaster Risk Reduction Management 
• Innovation on Agriculture 
• Solutions on Environmental Problems
The Significance of the Study

•It tells the reader why the study is

valuable, what it contributes and why
the reader should devote time to
reading it
Three Basic Questions to consider:
a. Why is the study important?
b. What are its contributions to the
discipline?
c. To whom will it be important?
 The Significance of the Study
• These basic questions can be broken down to several specific inquiries such as:
a. What are the implications of conducting this
research?

b. How does the study connect to other knowledge ?

c. Why is the study important to our understanding
of the world?
d. What are the uses of my findings
to existing literature, my audience
and the public?
The Significance of the Study
• Creswell (2014) suggests ways how to effectively convey the
importance of the study for select audiences.
1. Enumerate 3 or 4 reasons why your particular study adds to the
scholarly literature in your field.
2. Provide three to four reasons about how your study will help
improve practice.
3. Add another 3 to 4 reasons detailing why
it will improve your field.
Scope and Limitations of the Study

• It is a short section where you clarify

what your study covers based on your
research topic, the possible limitations
of your study and how your study is
constrained by particular factors that
you encountered in the research
process.
Scope

• The scope is where you clearly set what your study covers, its time
period, location, subjects, context and its specific objectives, without
any pretense that your study covers anything beyond what is
indicated. It answers the phrase, “The coverage of the study is…..” or
“The study address…”
Limitation

• It clearly states the limitations you encountered during your research

process and how much you think these aspects detract from your
research paper and your overall purpose.
Sample Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The main objective of this study is to provide information
about students’ knowledge and perception of genetically
modified foods and their family health practices. The study
also includes the student’s personal information and
occupation of their parents and siblings. This study is
limited to the 120 Grade 12 Male and Female enrolled in
the First Semester, School Year 2019-2020 of Calamba City
Science High School. Each of the respondent is given
questionnaire to answer. The students selected came from
six different sections to prevent subjective perceptions.
Factors to consider in writing the limitations
of the study

• Research design. This is the most

common limitation of many quantitative
studies. These can range from the
limitations of your key terms,
definitions, sample group, your
methodology and your research design.
Factors to consider in writing the limitations
of the study

• Ontological position. As much as we

try to achieve objectivity in the field of
quantitative study, it is possible that you
are constrained by your inherent
worldviews.
Factors to consider in writing the limitations
of the study

• Resources. Lack of money,

time, or resources may
significantly hinder how
generalizable your study is
beyond what is covered by your
scope.
Purpose of the Research Title

• The research title conveys the central idea behind your research. It
reflects the:
a. the variable ( what you are trying to look at
b. your chosen research design ( how you look
at your variables
c. the scope of your study ( what is covered
by your study)
Formulating the Research Title

• Try to complete the statement:

“My study is about…”

 Answer the ‘what’ and ‘what
about your topic’
Let’s Check It Out

• My study is about leadership

development.
• My study is about leadership
development and how community
leaders in Barangay Cinco, Quezon
City develop leadership skills.
 Let’s Test
1. My research study is about how DTI
employees perceives the Performance-Based
Incentive System
2. My study is about measuring merit and
fitness in the Philippine’s and Japan’s civil
service recruitment
3. My study is about the relationship between
Internet access and censorship to good
governance among Southeast Asian
countries
Writing Styles and Techniques

• Your research title is like your

brand. It is a preview model that
encourages other people to read
your work.
Examples of two-part title

• Reading Castaneda: A prologue to

the Social Sciences
• Policing the Lying Patient:
Surveillance and Self-regulation in
consultations with Adolescent
Diabetics
Examples of two-part title

• The first part is a snappy phrase

intended to catch the audience’s
attention.
• The second part is more descriptive
Two-part title can provide the additional
context

• Additional context: “Lessons from

running an enterprise: Case studies
of four Filipino-Chinese Families”
• Temporal scope of the research: “A
Comparison: Human Rights under
the Corazon Aquino and Benigno
Aquino III Administrations”
Two-part title can provide the additional
context

• Main Approach Used. “The

Feminist Approach; Therapy of
Battered Wives”
• Methodology used: “An
Ethnography: Understanding a
Child’s Perception of Divorce”
Characteristics of effective research titles

1. Provide the necessary

information. Indicate the subject of
the study. Identify the key variables
and suggest the relationship of the
key variables while reflecting the
major hypothesis of your study.
Remember to include the scope of
your study by mentioning the
setting.
Characteristics of effective research titles

Examples:
“A Study of How the Level of
Educational Attainment Determines
the Likehood of Women in Metro
Manila to Enter the Sex Industry”
Characteristics of effective research titles

2. Choose the appropriate wording.

To stimulate the readers’ interest, it
is recommended that you play with
words when crafting a research title.
Example: “From Sickman’ to ‘Rising
Tiger’: A State Discourse Analysis of
the Philippine Economic
Transformation”
Characteristics of effective research titles

3. Be mindful of the length. Limit

your research title to 10 to 15
substantive words. If possible
avoid “ A study of…” “An analysis
of…”
Example: “Human Capital Flight:
Brain Drain Among the Filipino
Youth”
Characteristics of effective research titles

4. Observe proper grammar and

capitalization. Capitalize the first
words in your title. All nouns,
pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and
adverbs that appear between the
first and last words of the title are
also capitalized. Do not end your title
with punctuation if not necessary.
Characteristics of effective research titles

4. Observe proper grammar and

capitalization.
Example: Marriage Immigration
and Gender in South Korea:
Accounting for Gender Disparities
in International Marriages
Characteristics of effective research titles

5. Cite properly. When

including a quote as part of
the title, the source of the
quote is cited.
The level of SHS students’ social media usage will be
described in the research in terms of three sub-variables:
(a) forms of social media; (b) frequency of social media
use; and (c) mode of social media use. In the research,
this variable is seen to possess a hypothesized
relationship with SHS students’ attention span in class.
This hypothesized relationship is represented by the
two-headed arrow connecting both variables.
HOW TO WRITE THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A RESEARCH STUDY - YouTube

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK MADE EASY! / NO-STRESS RESEARCH - YouTube