Republic Act of the Philippines

SORSOGON STATE UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES
Office of Advanced Education
Magsaysay Avenue, 4700 Sorsogon City

ASSIGNMENT NO. 10 FREJAS, RAMON E.

Due Date: MAY 29, 2022 MAM-AS 2

EDUC 502: PHILOSOPHICAL, SOCIOLOGICAL, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL

FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION

Stephen Henry S. Totanes

Associate Professor V
 I was a great French Mathematician
and philosopher during the 17th
All century. I am considered as a
about precursor to the rationalist school of
me thought, and due to my vast
Rene contributions to the fields of
Descartes mathematics and philosophy, I am
often known as the ‘Father of
Modern Philosophy.’
Who am I?
I am René Descartes, and I was born on
March 31, 1596,  in La Haye, Touraine,
France. My mother, Jeanne Brochard, died
soon after giving birth to me, and so I was
not expected to survive. My father, Joachim,
was a member of the Parlement of Brittany
 at Rennes. I lived with my grandmother and
with my great-uncle.
 The
house
where I
was born
in La
Haye en
Touraine
I and my siblings were raised by our
grandmother, as our father used to be
busy elsewhere with work and as a
council member in the provincial
parliament. I never married, but I
fathered a child in 1635 with Helena
Jans van der Strom. The child was
named Francine. Unfortunately, he died
at the age of five due to scarlet fever.
My Education
and Career
In 1606 I was sent to the Jesuit college at La
Flèche, which was established in 1604 by Henry
IV (reigned 1589–1610). At La Flèche, 1,200
young men were trained for military engineering
careers, the judiciary, government administration,
etc.
In addition to classical studies, science,
mathematics, and metaphysics, we were taught
acting, music, poetry, dancing, riding, and
fencing.
In 1614 I went to Poitiers, where I took a law
degree in 1616.
In 1618 I went to Breda in the Netherlands, spending 15
months there as an informal student of mathematics
and military architecture in the Protestant stadholder’s
peacetime army, Prince Maurice. There, I was
encouraged in my studies of science and mathematics by
the physicist Isaac Beeckman, for whom I wrote
the Compendium of Music, my first surviving work.
In 1619, under Beekman’s guidance, I began serious
work on mathematical and mechanical problems and,
finally, leaving the service of Maurice of Nassau, planned
to travel through Germany and join the army of
Maximilian of Bavaria.
It is during this year (1619) that I was stationed at
Ulm. I had three dreams that inspired me to seek a
new scientific inquirmethod y and envisage a unified
science.
Soon afterward, in 1620, I began looking for this new
method, started but never completed several works
on the method, including drafts of the first eleven
rules of Rules for the Direction of the Mind. I worked
on and off it for years until I finally abandoned it for
good in 1628. During this time, I also worked on
other, more scientifically oriented projects such as
optics.
From 1634-1636, I finished my scientific
essays D'optique and Meteors, which applied my
geometrical method to these fields.
I began work on Meditations on First Philosophy in
1639. The first edition of the Meditations was
published in Latin in 1641, in which I listed six sets
of objections and my replies. I published a second
edition in 1642, which also included a seventh set
of objections and replies and a letter to Father
Dinet. I defended my system against charges of
unorthodoxy.
My impact on Mathematics
I was a mathematician, philosopher, and scientist. I
developed rules for deductive reasoning, a system for
using letters as mathematical variables, and discovered
how to plot points on a plane called the Cartesian
plane.
This work was responsible for making me famous in
mathematics history because it was the invention of
analytical geometry. Analytical geometry is basically
applying algebra to geometry.
I believed that mathematics was the only thing that is
certain or true.
I am most commonly known for my philosophical
statement, “I think, therefore I am” (originally in
French, but best known by its Latin translation:
"Cogito, ergo sum”). I am also credited with the
development of Cartesian dualism (also referred to as
mind-body dualism), the metaphysical argument that
the mind and body are two different substances that
interact with one another.
In the mathematics sphere, my primary contribution
was bridging the gap between algebra and geometry,
which resulted in the Cartesian coordinate system, still
widely used today.
 My four main ideas for scientific progress
1.Never accept anything as true until all reasons for
doubt can be ruled out.
2.Divide problems into as many parts as possible and
necessary to provide an adequate solution.
3.Thoughts should be ordered, starting with the
simplest and easiest to know, ascending little by
little, and, step by step, to more complex knowledge.
4.Make enumerations so complete, and reviews so
general, that nothing is omitted.
Credited as the father of analytical
geometry, I was also one of the key
figures in the Scientific Revolution.
My most famous work, Meditationes de
Prima Philosophia (Meditations On First
Philosophy) was published in 1641. In it,
I provided a philosophical groundwork
for the possibility of the sciences.
 MY
LEGACY
I gave shape to the contemporary study of the
mind in the 17th century. In his Meditations on
First Philosophy, I begin with questions about
what I can know. I carefully peels away anything
that can be doubted from all that I have taken to
be true.
I have been heralded as the first modern
philosopher and is famous for having made an
important connection between geometry and
algebra, allowing the solution of geometrical
problems by way of algebraic equations.
One of the deepest and most
lasting legacies of my philosophy
is my thesis that the mind and
the body are really distinct—a
thesis which is now called “mind-
body dualism.”
SOME OF MY
FAMOUS
QUOTIONS
 • “I think; therefore I am.”
• "If you would be a real seeker after
truth, it is necessary that at least once
in your life you doubt, as far as
possible, all things."
• "The greatest minds are capable of
the greatest vices as well as of the
greatest virtues."
 •"It is not enough to have a good
mind; the main thing is to use it
well."
•"A state is better governed which
has few laws, and those laws
strictly observed."
•"Everything is self-evident."
Who am I?
I am Karl Heinrich Marx and I
was born on 5 May 1818 to 
Heinrich Marx (1777–1838) and 
Henriette Pressburg (1788–1863).
I was born at Brückengasse 664
in Trier, an ancient city then part
of the Kingdom of Prussia's 
Province of the Lower Rhine.
My family was originally 
non-religious Jewish, but 
had converted formally to Christianity
 before my birth. My maternal grandfather
was a Dutch rabbi, while my paternal line
had supplied Trier's rabbis since 1723, a
role taken by my grandfather Meier Halevi
Marx. My father, as a child known as
Herschel, was the first in the line to receive
a secular education. 
I became a lawyer with a comfortably 
upper middle class income and the family
owned a number of Moselle vineyards, in
addition to my income as an attorney. Prior to
my son's birth and after the abrogation of 
Jewish emancipation in the Rhineland
, Herschel converted from Judaism to join the
state Evangelical Church of Prussia, taking
on the German forename Heinrich over the 
Yiddish Herschel.
I was a man of the Enlightenment,
interested in the ideas of the philosophers 
Immanuel Kant and Voltaire. A 
classical liberal, I took part in agitation for
a constitution and reforms in Prussia,
which was then an absolute monarchy. In
1815, I began working as an attorney and
in 1819 moved my family to a ten-room
property near the Porta Nigra.
My wife, Henriette Pressburg, was a Dutch Jew
from a prosperous business family that later
founded the company Philips Electronics. Her
sister Sophie Pressburg (1797–1854) married 
Lion Philips (1794–1866) and was the
grandmother of both Gerard and Anton Philips
 and great-grandmother to Frits Philips. Lion
Philips was a wealthy Dutch tobacco
manufacturer and industrialist, upon whom I and 
Jenny Marx would later often come to rely for
loans while they were exiled in London.
The third of nine children, I became
the eldest son when my brother
Moritz died in 1819. I and his
surviving siblings, Sophie, Hermann,
Henriette, Louise, Emilie, and
Caroline, were baptised into the 
Lutheran Church in August 1824,
and our mother in November 1825.
I was privately educated by
my father until 1830 when I
entered Trier High School (
Gymnasium zu Trier [de]),
whose headmaster, Hugo
Wyttenbach, was a friend of
my father.
In October 1835 at the age of 17, I
travelled to the University of Bonn
 wishing to study philosophy and
literature, but my father insisted on
law as a more practical field. Due to
a condition referred to as a "weak
chest", I was excused from military
duty when I turned 18.
While at the University at Bonn, I joined
the Poets' Club, a group containing
political radicals that were monitored by
the police. I also joined the Trier Tavern
Club drinking society
(German: Landsmannschaft der
Treveraner) where many ideas were
discussed and at one point I served as
the club's co-president.
Additionally, I was involved in certain
disputes, some of which became serious:
in August 1836 I took part in a duel with
a member of the university's Borussian
Korps. Although my grades in the first
term were good, they soon deteriorated,
leading my father to force a transfer to
the more serious and academic 
University of Berlin.
I and von Westphalen had seven children together,
but partly owing to the poor conditions in which
they lived whilst in London, only three survived to
adulthood. The children were: Jenny Caroline (m.
Longuet; 1844–1883); Jenny Laura (m. Lafargue;
1845–1911); Edgar (1847–1855); Henry Edward
Guy ("Guido"; 1849–1850); Jenny Eveline Frances
("Franziska"; 1851–1852); Jenny Julia Eleanor
 (1855–1898) and one more who died before being
named (July 1857). According to my son-in-law, 
Paul Lafargue, I was a loving father.
I frequently used pseudonyms, often when
renting a house or flat, apparently to make it
harder for the authorities to track me down.
While in Paris, I used that of "Monsieur
Ramboz", whilst in London, I signed off my
letters as "A. Williams". My friends referred
to me as "Moor", owing to my dark
complexion and black curly hair, while I
encouraged my children to call him "Old
Nick" and "Charley".
I also bestowed nicknames and
pseudonyms on my friends and family as
well, referring to Friedrich Engels as
"General", my housekeeper Helene as
"Lenchen" or "Nym", while one of my
daughters, Jennychen, was referred to as
"Qui Qui, Emperor of China" and another,
Laura, was known as "Kakadou" or "the 
Hottentot".
 MY
LEGACY
My ideas have had a profound impact on
world politics and intellectual
thought. My Followers have often debated
among themselves over how to interpret
my writings and apply my concepts to the
modern world.  My thought legacy has
become contested between numerous
tendencies, each of which sees itself as
my most accurate interpreter.
From an academic perspective, my work
contributed to the birth of modern
sociology. I have been cited as one of the
19th century's three masters of the "
school of suspicion", alongside 
Friedrich Nietzsche and Sigmund Freud
, and as one of the three principal
architects of modern social science along
with Émile Durkheim and Max Weber.
In contrast to other philosophers, I offered
theories that could often be tested with the 
scientific method. Both I and Auguste Comte
 set out to develop scientifically justified
ideologies in the wake of European 
secularisation and new developments in the 
philosophies of history and science. Working in
the Hegelian tradition, I rejected Comtean 
sociological positivism in an attempt to develop
a science of society.
REFERENCES:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes
https://www.cuemath.com/learn/rene-descartes/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes#:~:text=Descartes
%20argued%20the%20theory%20of,knowledge%20is%20acquired%20thr
ough%20experience
.
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/k/karl-marx.asp

https://www.google.com/search?q=karl+marx+sayings&sxsrf=ALiCzsbk_
Gd06wfo9GKx2Q67QH4BachFog:1653755225840&source=lnms&tbm=is
ch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjkg6CmzoL4AhVOqFYBHdHRD8sQ_AUoAXoEC
AEQAw&biw=1366&bih=625&dpr=1#imgrc=2CX8Ph1CAKQ4_M
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx