Cultural Environment

of International
Business

G. Aguilar
 Introduction
 International business success requires cross-cultural
literacy
 An understanding of how cultural differences across
and within nations may affect the business
 Ex: In China, guanxi (relationships backed by
reciprocal obligations), are central to getting business
done, but in West it is bribery or corruption
 What is Culture?
“Culture is that complex whole which includes
knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and other
capabilities acquired by man as a member of society.”
-

Edward Tylor

“A system of values and norms that are shared among a

group of people and that when taken together
constitute a design for living.”
- Hofstede, Namenwirth, and Weber
 Components of Culture
Values
• Abstract ideas about what a group believes to be good,
right, and desirable
• Reflect a person’s sense of right and wrong or what
“ought” to be.
Norms
• Norms are the social rules that govern people’s actions
toward one another
Society
• Society refers to a group of people who share a common
set of values and norms
 Values
• They provide the context within which a society’s
norms are established and justified
• They include attitudes toward
– Individual freedom, Truth, Justice, Honesty, Loyalty,
Social obligations, love, sex, marriage, etc.
• Values are also reflected in the political and
economic systems
 Norms
• Folkways: Routine
conventions of everyday
life
– Little moral significance
– Generally, social
conventions such as
dress codes, social
manners, and neighborly
behavior
Ex: Attitude towards time
• Mores: Norms central to
the functioning of
society and its social life
– Greater significance than
folkways
– Violation can bring serious
retribution
• Theft, adultery, incest
and cannibalism
Ex: Alcohol drinking in US
and Saudi Arabia
 Culture, Society, and the
Nation State
• A society is a group of people bound together by a
common culture
• There is not a strict one-to-one correspondence
between a society and a nation state
• Nation State:
– Is a political creation
– May contain a single culture or several cultures
The Determinants of Culture
 Social Structure
• Social structure refers to its basic social organization
• Two dimensions that are particularly important
include:
– The extent to which society is group or
individually oriented
 Religious and Ethical Systems
• Religion: a system of shared beliefs and rituals
• Ethical systems: a set of moral principles, or values, that
are used to guide and shape behavior
Most of the world’s ethical systems are the product of
religions
• Among the thousands of religions in the world today, four
dominate in terms of numbers of adherents:
– Christianity with 2.382 billion adherents
– Islam with 1.907 billion adherents
– Buddhism with 1.161 billion adherents
– Hinduism with 1 billion adherents
 Language
• Language is one of the defining characteristics of a
culture
• Spoken language
– Language-based cultures or stratas
– Learning local language has considerable advantage
• Unspoken language
– Include body languages
Ex: A circle with thumb and the forefinger – a friendly
gesture in US, a vulgar in Greece and Turkey
 Education
• Formal education plays a key role in a society
– It is the medium through which individuals learn many
of the language, conceptual, and mathematical skills
that are indispensable in a modern society
– Also supplements the family’s role in socializing the
young into the values and norms of a society
Ex: Respect for others, obedience to authority, honesty,
neatness, being on time
– Schools teach basic facts about the social and political
nature of a society, as well as focusing on the
fundamental obligations of citizenship
 Culture in the Workplace
How a society’s culture affects values in the workplace?
• Management process and practices of international
business need to vary according to culturally determined
work-related values
• Most famous study by Geert Hofstede, a psychologist
worked for IBM
• Collected data on employee attitude and values for more
than 1 lakh individuals from 1967 to 1973 across 40
countries
• Different cultures were summarized into four dimensions
and created an index score for each of them
 Culture in the Workplace
Hofstede’s Four dimensions of culture
– Power distance - cultures are ranked high or low on this
dimension based on the particular society’s ability to deal
with inequalities
– Individualism versus collectivism - this dimension focuses
on the relationship between the individual and his/her
fellows within a culture
– Uncertainty avoidance - this dimension measures the
extent to which a culture socializes its members into
accepting ambiguous situations and tolerating uncertainty
– Masculinity versus femininity - this dimension looks at the
relationship between gender and work roles
 Problems with Hofstede
• Assumes one-to-one relationship between culture
and the nation state
• Research may have been culturally bound
• Survey respondents were from a single industry
(computer) and a single company (IBM)
 Cultural Change
• Culture is not a constant; it evolves over time
– Since 1960s American values toward the role of
women have changed
– Japan moved toward greater individualism in the
workplace
• Globalization will continue to have impacts on
cultures around the world
 Managerial Implications
• Cross-cultural literacy

• Culture and competitive advantage

• Culture and business ethics

 References
1. Chapters 3, ‘International Business’ by
Charles W. Hill and Arun K. Jain, Tata McGraw
Hill publication.
2. Chapter 2, ‘International Business’ by Oded
Shenkar and Yadong Luo, Wiley publication.