Cel l

Di v i s i o n
Definition of
Terms
 Cell
Division
 production of new cells

 replacement
Two Kinds of Cell Division

Mitosis
body cells, weight and height, healing

Meiosis
ovaries and testes, gametes or sex cells
DNA

chromosomes

double helix

spiral staircase shape

Chromosomes
threadlike structures
genes
 Chromatin
composed of DNA and proteins that
condense to form chromosomes
Gene
carries traits
 Homologous
Chromosomes
similar in size, shape and genetic traits
 Chromosome
DiploidNumber
two sets of chromosomes in
each nucleus (2n)

Haploi
d one set of chromosomes in
each nucleus (n)
 The Cell
Cycle
Cyclic series of events in
the life of a dividing
eukaryotic cell.
2 phases of cell
cycle
Interphase

Mitotic phase (M phase)

Interphase
First phase of the cell cycle
Growth phase1 (G1)

initial period of growth

 Synthesis (S)

replication of DNA
 Growth phase2 (G2)

more growth
M
I
T
O
S
I
S
 Mitosi
 screates two identical cells from one
original cell

 Four stages:

P = rophase
M = etaphase
A = naphase
T = elophase
Prophase
 Prophase
chromatin begins to condense
Prophase
chromatin becomes shorter
and thicker and becomes
visible as subunits called
sister chromatids

Centromer
elinks sister chromatids
Kinetochore
 located in the centromere
 joins the two chromatids
 PROPHASE
Summary

Chromatin begins to condense to

form visible chromosomes.

The nucleolus disappears; the nuclear

envelope breaks up.

The mitotic spindle is formed

Metapha
se
 Metaphase
 chromosomes are aligned at the
metaphase plate
 METAPHASE
Summary

Chromosomes align at the center.

Anaphas
e
Anaphase
 chromatids begin to move
slowly apart drawn toward
opposite ends of the cell
 ANAPHASE
Summary

Sister chromatids separate.

 Chromatids begin to move slowly apart

drawn toward opposite ends of the cell.
Telophas
e
Telophase
 2 separate nuclei form
 chromosomes uncoil/undo
 spindle fiber breaks down and
disappears
 TELOPHASE
Summary

Chromosomes unfold back into

chromatin.
The nucleolus and nuclear envelope
form.

The mitotic spindle disappears.

2 separate nuclei form

Cytokin
esis
 Cytokinesis
 division of the cytoplasm
 formation of cleavage furrow
The Summary of Mitosis
Meio
sis
Meio
sis
 forms gametes
 two divisions
 four new cells
 Cell Division in
Sex Cells
 Interphase I
 Meiosis I and Meiosis 2
 Interphase I
similar to mitosis interphase
 Meiosis I ()
Four phases:
a. prophase I
b. metaphase I
c. anaphase I
d. telophase I
 Prophase I
spindle fiber centrioles

tetrad
 Homologous chromosomes

sister chromatids
Tetrad sister chromatids
paternal maternal
 Prophase I
CROSSING OVER

segments of non sister chromatids

break and reattach to the other
chromatid
 Crossing Over
nonsister chromatids Tetrad

chiasmata: site variation

of crossing over
 Metaphase I
 tetrads align at the center

 independent assortment
occurs
OR
 Anaphase I
 homologous chromosomes
separate and move towards
the poles
 Telophase I
 each pole now has haploid
set of chromosomes
Me i o s is II
 Prophase II
 same as prophase in mitosis
 Metaphase II
 same as metaphase in
mitosis
 Anaphase II
 same as anaphase in mitosis
 sister chromatids separate
 Telophase II
 four haploid daughter cells
produced
The Importance of
Meiosis