MODULE IV

SYLLABUS
• Pipe Flow: Viscous flow: Reynolds experiment to classify
laminar and turbulent flows, significance of Reynolds number,
critical Reynolds number, shear stress and velocity
distribution in a pipe, law of fluid friction, head loss due to
friction, Hagen Poiseuille equation.
• Turbulent flow: Darcy Weisbach equation, Chezy’s equation
Moody’s chart, Major and minor energy losses, hydraulic
gradient and total energy line, flow through long pipes, pipes
in series, pipes in parallel, equivalent pipe, siphon,
transmission of power through pipes, efficiency of
transmission, Water hammer, Cavitation
REYNOLDS EXPERIMENT
CRITICAL REYNOLDS NUMBER
• The Reynolds number at which the flow becomes
turbulent is called the critical Reynolds number, Recr.
• The value of the critical Reynolds number is
different for different geometries and flow conditions.
• For internal flow in a circular pipe, the generally
accepted value of the critical Reynolds number is Recr
= 2300.
FLOW OF VISCOUS FLUID THROUGH CIRCULAR PIPE
FRICTIONAL LOSS IN PIPE FLOW
EXPRESSION FOR LOSS OF HEAD DUE TO FRICTION IN PIPES
EXPRESSION FOR COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION
INTERMS OF SHEAR STRESS
LOSS OF ENERGY IN PIPES
LOSS OF ENERGY OR HEAD DUE TO FRICTION
MINOR ENERGY LOSSES
1. LOSS OF HEAD DUE TO SUDDEN ENLARGEMENT
2. LOSS OF HEAD DUE TO SUDDEN CONTRACTION
3. LOSS OF HEAD AT THE ENTRANCE OF A PIPE

4. LOSS OF HEAD AT THE EXIT OF THE PIPE

5. LOSS HEAD DUE TO AN OBSTRUCTION IN A PIPE
 6. LOSS OF HEAD DUE TO BEND IN PIPE

7. LOSS OF HEAD IN VARIOUS PIPE FITTINGS

HYDRAULIC GRADIENT AND TOTAL ENERGY
LINE
FLOW THROUGH SYPHON
FLOW THROUGH PIPES IN SERIES OR FLOW
THROUGH COMPOUND PIPES
EQUIVALENT PIPE
FLOW THROUGH PARALLEL PIPES
POWER TRANSMISSION THROUGH PIPES
CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM TRANSMISSION OF POWER
MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY OF TRANSMISSION OF
POWER
WATER HAMMER IN PIPES
 CAVITATION

• Cavitation is a phenomenon in which the static pressure of a

liquid reduces to below the liquid's vapour pressure, leading to
the formation of small vapor-filled cavities in the liquid.
• When subjected to higher pressure, these cavities, called
"bubbles" or "voids", collapse and can generate shock
waves that may damage machinery.
• These shock waves are strong when they are very close to the
imploded bubble, but rapidly weaken as they propagate away
from the implosion.
• Cavitation is a significant cause of wear in
some engineering contexts.
• Collapsing voids that implode near to a metal surface
cause cyclic stress through repeated implosion.
• This results in surface fatigue of the metal causing a
type of wear also called "cavitation".
• The most common examples of this kind of wear are
to pump impellers, and bends where a sudden change
in the direction of liquid occurs.