Thermochemistry

Thermochemistry is the study of heat change

associated with chemical reactions.
 Thermochemistry

E nergy

1st Law of T herm odynam ics

E nthalpy / Calorim etry

Hess' Law E nthalpy of Form ation

TERMOKIMIA (Thermochemistry) = Ilmu yang mempelajari Perubahan Kalor yang menyertai Reaksi
KIMIA

SIFAT ENERGI DAN JENIS-JENIS ENERGI

Energi sulit dipelajari daripada materi (Gas, cair dan padat) yang dapat dilihat, diraba, dicium, ditimbang,
ditempatkan pada tempat tertentu, Energi hanya bisa dipelajari dari efek atau akibat-akibatnya.
 The Nature of Energy
Energy
The ability to do work or transfer heat.
HEAT is the form of energy that flows between 2
objects because of their difference in
temperature.
Other forms of energy —
• light
• electrical
• kinetic and potential,etc
 The Nature of Energy
Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy

• Kinetic energy is the energy of motion:

1
Ek   m  v 2
2
 The Nature of Energy
2. Potential energy is the energy an object
possesses by virtue of its position.

Ep= mgh

Potential energy can be converted into kinetic energy.

Example: a bicyclist at the top of a hill.
 The Nature of Energy
Conservation of energy
• Energy is never created or destroyed, but always changed from one form to another

•Hampir semua reaksi kimia itu MENYERAP atau MENGHASILKAN (melepaskan) Energi, Umumnya
dalam bentuk KALOR/Panas (Heat).
•KALOR/Panas (Heat) = Perpindahan Energi Termal antara dua Objek/Materi yang suhunya berbeda .
 Units of Heat
• Heat (q) is energy in transit, and is measured in energy
units.
• The SI unit is the joule (J), or Newton-metre (Nm).
1 kg  m 2
1 joule  1 newton  meter 
s2

Historically, heat was measured in terms of the ability to

raise the temperature of water.

The kilocalorie (kcal), or Calorie (Cal), or “big calorie”:

amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1
kilogramme of water by 1 C0 (from 14.50C to 15.50C)
 Units of Heat
• The calorie, or “little calorie”: amount of
heat needed to raise the temperature of 1
gramme of water by 1 0C (from 14.50C to
15.50C)
• In industry, the British thermal unit (Btu)
is still used: amount of heat needed to raise
the temperature of 1 lb of water by 1 0F
(from 630F to 640F)
 Units of Heat
Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
• Conversion between different units of heat:

1 cal = 10-3 kcal

= 3.969 x 10-3 Btu
= 4.186 J
1 Cal = 1 kcal = 4186 J
 Thermochemistry Terminology
• System: part of the universe we are interested in.
• Surrounding: the rest of the universe.
• Boundary: between system & surrounding.
SURROUNDINGS
SYSTEM

Exchange: mass & energy energy nothing

 SISTEM

1.Sistem TERBUKA (Open System) : terdapat

pertukaran massa dan energy (Biasanya dalam
bentuk KALOR) dengan LINGKUNGAN

2.Sistem TERTUTUP (Closed System) : adanya

kemungkinan terjadinya Perpindahan Energi
(KALOR), tetapi Bukan MASSAnya.

3.Sistem TERISOLASI (Isolated System) : Tidak

Mungkin terjadinya Perpindahan massa dan
Energi
Thermochemistry Terminology

• Work ( w ): product of force applied to an

object over a
distance.

•Heat ( q ): transfer of energy between two

objects
 The First Law of Thermodynamics
Internal Energy
• Internal Energy: total energy of a system.
• Involves translational, rotational, vibrational motions.
• Cannot measure absolute internal energy.
• Change in internal energy,

E  Efinal  Einitial
The First Law of
Thermodynamics
The First Law of Thermodynamics
Relating E to Heat(q) and Work(w)
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
• Energy of (system + surroundings) is constant.
• Any energy transferred from a system must be transferred
to the surroundings (and vice versa).

• From the first law of thermodynamics:

E  q  w
Work (w)

Take the reaction of propane with oxygen, for instance.

The First Law of Thermodynamics
The First Law of Thermodynamics
Exothermic and Endothermic Processes

• Endothermic: absorbs heat from the surroundings.

• An endothermic reaction feels cold.
“ Setiap Proses yang MEMERLUKAN/MENYERAP panas/Kalor
yang harus disalurkan/diberikan ke System oleh Lingkungan
disebut : PROSES ENDOTERM (Endothermic Process) “

energy + 2HgO (s) 2Hg (l) + O2 (g)

energy + H2O (s) H2O (l)
The First Law of Thermodynamics
Exothermic process is any process that gives off heat –
transfers thermal energy from the system to the surroundings.
“Setiap Proses yang MELEPASKAN Kalor (perpindahan
energy termal dari system ke lingkungan) disebut ; PROSES
EKSOTERM (exothermic Process)”
2H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2H2O (l) + energy

H2O (g) H2O (l) + energy

Pembakaran Gas Asetilena
(C2H2) dalam Oksigen
menghasilkan energy yg cukup
besar (Kalor) yg dipindahkan
dari Sistem ke Lingkungan.

6.2
The First Law of Thermodynamics
Misal ada reaksi penguraian Merkuri II Oksida (HgO) pada
suhu tinggi (memerlukan energy panas)
Energi Panas + 2HgO (s) 2Hg(l) + O2 (g)
The First Law of Thermodynamics
 Enthalpy
Chemical reactions can absorb or release heat.
• However, they also have the ability to do work.
• For example, when a gas is produced, then the gas
produced can be used to push a piston, thus doing work.
Zn(s) + 2H+(aq)  Zn2+(aq) + H2(g)
• The work performed by the above reaction is called
pressure-volume work.
• When the pressure is constant,

w   PV
Enthalpy
 Enthalpy

• Enthalpy, H: Heat transferred between the system and

surroundings carried out under constant pressure.
H  E  PV
• Enthalpy is a state function.
• If the process occurs at constant pressure,
H  E  PV 
 E  PV
 Enthalpy
• Since we know that
• We can write w   PV
H  E  PV
 q P  w  PV
 q P  (  PV )  PV
 qP
• When H is positive, the system gains heat from the surroundings.
• When H is negative, the surroundings gain heat from the system.
Enthalpy => Heat of Reaction
 Enthalpies of Reaction
• For a reaction:
H  H final  H initial
 H products  H reactants

• Enthalpy is an extensive property (magnitude H is

directly proportional to amount):

CH4(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) H = -802 kJ

2CH4(g) + 4O2(g)  2CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) H = 1604 kJ
 Enthalpies of Reaction

• When we reverse a reaction, we change the sign of H:

CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)  CH4(g) + 2O2(g) H = +802 kJ

• Change in enthalpy depends on state:

H2O(g)  H2O(l) H = -44 kJ
 Calorimetry
Heat Capacity and Specific Heat
• Calorimetry = measurement of heat flow.
• Calorimeter = apparatus that measures heat flow.
• Heat capacity = the amount of energy required to raise
the temperature of an object (by one degree).
• Molar heat capacity = heat capacity of 1 mol of a
substance.

q  specific heat  grams of substance T

 Calorimetry
The specific heat (s) [most books use lower case c] of a substance
is the amount of heat (q) required to raise the temperature of one
gram of the substance by one degree Celsius.
“KALOR JENIS/Specific Heat (s) atau (c) = Banyaknya kalor yang
diperlukan untuk menaikan suhu 1 g Zat sebesar 1º C”.
Kalor jenis mempunyai sifat INTENSIF.

Untuk Air, kalor jenisnya 4,184 J.g-1.ºC-1

Untuk Besi, kalor jenisnya 0,444 J.g-1.ºC-1

Ini berarti untuk menaikan suhu 1ºC pada

1 g besi diperlukan lebih sedikit kalor yang
diperlukan untuk menaikan suhu 1ºC pada
1 g air.

6.5
 Calorimetry

Specific Heats

A useful form of the specific heat equation is: q = m CT

If T > 0, then q > 0 and heat is gained by the system
If T < 0, then q < 0 and heat is lost by the system
 Calorimetry
The heat capacity (C) of a substance is the amount of heat
(q) required to raise the temperature of a given quantity (m)
of the substance by one degree Celsius.

“KAPASITAS PANAS (C) = Banyaknya kalor yang diperlukan

untuk menaikan suhu suatu benda/objek/materi sebanyak 1º C “.

Kapasitas Panas ini mempunyai sifat EKSTENSIF ( besarnya

tergantung ukuran/dimensi objek)
C = m.s

dimana : m = massa zat (gram) ,

s. Atau c = kalor jenis

6.5
 Kapasitas Panas Molar (Cm)
Kapasitas panas molar : banyaknya kalor yang diperlukan untuk mengubah
temperatur 1 mol suatu zat setinggi 1oC
 Calorimetry
Heat Capacity and Specific Heat
Specific Heat

Specific heat = C = q/mT

units of J g–1 oC–1 or J g–1 K–1

Heat Capacity

calculated from C = q/T

units of J oC–1 or J K–1

Alat yang digunakan untuk mengukur kalor reaksi disebut
KALORIMETER.
Calorimeters
Calorimeters (contd.)