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5.1-2 Evolution
5.1-2 Evolution
1 Evolution
What is evolution ?
What’s the evidence for evolution?
What is speciation?
Who wrote “The origin of the species”?
1
https://lau-z.wikispaces.com/IB+Biology+Resources Allott, Andrew, and David Mindorff. Biology: Oxford IB Diploma Programme. 2014 ed. N.p..
5.1 Define Evolution
Evolution
the process of gradual change in the heritable
characteristics of a population.
‘heritable’
changes must be passed on genetically from one
generation to the next
‘population’
changes do not affect just one individual
‘gradual’
The change doesn’t occur suddenly
2
https://lau-z.wikispaces.com/IB+Biology+Resources Allott, Andrew, and David Mindorff. Biology: Oxford IB Diploma Programme. 2014 ed. N.p..
5.1 Outline Evidence for Evolution
Evidence for Evolution provided by:
1. Fossil Record
2. 2. Selective Breeding of Domesticated
Animals
3. Homologous Structures
4. Patterns of variation
https://youtu.be/lIEoO5KdPvg
3
https://lau-z.wikispaces.com/IB+Biology+Resources Allott, Andrew, and David Mindorff. Biology: Oxford IB Diploma Programme. 2014 ed. N.p..
Fossil Record
Analysis of layers of rocks through
radioisotope dating
The sequence in which fossils appear
matches the sequence in which they evolved
Life 500 million years ago was very different
from life today
Fish fossils have been found in rocks 500
million years old or younger
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n8Cru41w5uI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oe45GegJUvM
4
https://lau-z.wikispaces.com/IB+Biology+Resources Allott, Andrew, and David Mindorff. Biology: Oxford IB Diploma Programme. 2014 ed. N.p..
Fossil Record
Although most of the top predators today are
mammals (orca whales, lions, tigers & bears)
… none of them existed at the time of dinosaurs
or before!
5
https://lau-z.wikispaces.com/IB+Biology+Resources Allott, Andrew, and David Mindorff. Biology: Oxford IB Diploma Programme. 2014 ed. N.p..
Fossil record, conclusion
1 possible conclusion drawn from observing
fossils is that :
Life on Earth is continually changing.
6
https://lau-z.wikispaces.com/IB+Biology+Resources Allott, Andrew, and David Mindorff. Biology: Oxford IB Diploma Programme. 2014 ed. N.p..
Selective Breeding of Domesticated
Animals (Artificial Selection)
It showed that selection can cause evolution
Selective breeding gives a good record of
recent changes in heritable characteristics
Selective Breeding:
Choose males and females with most
desirable genetic characteristics
Breed them to get offspring with those specific
characteristics
7
https://lau-z.wikispaces.com/IB+Biology+Resources Allott, Andrew, and David Mindorff. Biology: Oxford IB Diploma Programme. 2014 ed. N.p..
Evidence from selective breeding
After selective breeding from dozens to hundreds of
generations….. certain varieties of animals have unique
combinations of characteristics that didn’t exist before.
8
https://lau-z.wikispaces.com/IB+Biology+Resources Allott, Andrew, and David Mindorff. Biology: Oxford IB Diploma Programme. 2014 ed. N.p..
Homologous and analogous
structures
Analogous structures similar function
and similar appearance but different origin
(convergent evolution)
(e.g. tail fins of whales and fish; insect and
bird wings).
Homologous structures same origin,
different function and appearance (adaptive
radiation)
(e.g. the pentadactyl limb of terrestrial
vertebrates).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MacfZPA95Ig 9
https://lau-z.wikispaces.com/IB+Biology+Resources Allott, Andrew, and David Mindorff. Biology: Oxford IB Diploma Programme. 2014 ed. N.p..
The pentadactyl limb
Bat Human 10
http://e08595.medialib.glogster.com
12
https://lau-z.wikispaces.com/IB+Biology+Resources Allott, Andrew, and David Mindorff. Biology: Oxford IB Diploma Programme. 2014 ed. N.p..
Speciation
When two populations of a species stay
separeted and do not interbreed, they can
diverge into separate species speciation
The characteristics of the two populations
gradually diverged.
Typical example of speciation: migration to an
island
13
https://lau-z.wikispaces.com/IB+Biology+Resources Allott, Andrew, and David Mindorff. Biology: Oxford IB Diploma Programme. 2014 ed. N.p..
Evidence from patterns of variation
Species can gradually diverge over long
periods of time there is no sudden switch
from being two populations of one species to
being two separate species
Continuous variation across the geographical
range of related populations matches the
concept of gradual divergence.
14
https://lau-z.wikispaces.com/IB+Biology+Resources Allott, Andrew, and David Mindorff. Biology: Oxford IB Diploma Programme. 2014 ed. N.p..
Mechanism for Evolution
Industrial melanism
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=etsjB-6u-6w
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fOcdkVqwCjc
Natural Selection as the mechanism for evolution
Charle Darwin “The origin of the species” 1859
Natural Selection accomplished by:
Overproduction of offspring
Presence of natural variation
15
https://lau-z.wikispaces.com/IB+Biology+Resources Allott, Andrew, and David Mindorff. Biology: Oxford IB Diploma Programme. 2014 ed. N.p..
5.2 Overproduction of offspring!!!
Different species have different breeding rate
Animals & plants produce far more offspring
than could ever survive. (More offspring than
the environment can support)
Plants often produce thousands more seeds
than necessary to propagate the species
Fish and turtles lay thousands of eggs but only
a few survive to adulthood
Competition for resources within a population
16
https://lau-z.wikispaces.com/IB+Biology+Resources Allott, Andrew, and David Mindorff. Biology: Oxford IB Diploma Programme. 2014 ed. N.p..
5.2 Overproduction of offspring!!!
17
https://lau-z.wikispaces.com/IB+Biology+Resources Allott, Andrew, and David Mindorff. Biology: Oxford IB Diploma Programme. 2014 ed. N.p..
5.2 The members of a species show variation
18
https://lau-z.wikispaces.com/IB+Biology+Resources Allott, Andrew, and David Mindorff. Biology: Oxford IB Diploma Programme. 2014 ed. N.p..
5.2 The members of a species show variation
19
https://lau-z.wikispaces.com/IB+Biology+Resources Allott, Andrew, and David Mindorff. Biology: Oxford IB Diploma Programme. 2014 ed. N.p..
What are the causes of
variation?
20
https://lau-z.wikispaces.com/IB+Biology+Resources Allott, Andrew, and David Mindorff. Biology: Oxford IB Diploma Programme. 2014 ed. N.p..
Causes of variation
Mutations in DNA
Sexual Reproduction promotes variation in
species combination of alleles from two
individuals
Meiosis crossing over and independent
orientation of bivalents gametes are
different from the parent cell
21
https://lau-z.wikispaces.com/IB+Biology+Resources Allott, Andrew, and David Mindorff. Biology: Oxford IB Diploma Programme. 2014 ed. N.p..
5.2 Explain how natural selection
leads to evolution
can LEAD to …
https://lau-z.wikispaces.com/IB+Biology+Resources Allott, Andrew, and David Mindorff. Biology: Oxford IB Diploma Programme. 2014 ed. N.p..
5.2 Adaptation
https://lau-z.wikispaces.com/IB+Biology+Resources Allott, Andrew, and David Mindorff. Biology: Oxford IB Diploma Programme. 2014 ed. N.p..
Natural selection Evolution
Step 1: Overproduction of offspring
Natural variation of offspring due to genetic
differences (body size, pigmentation, resistance to disease)
Useful variations allow individual better chance of
survival (hiding from predators, feeling danger, finding food)
Harmful variations make survival difficult (wrong
camouflage, heavy bones for birds, having such a large body
size when not enough food to survive)
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https://lau-z.wikispaces.com/IB+Biology+Resources Allott, Andrew, and David Mindorff. Biology: Oxford IB Diploma Programme. 2014 ed. N.p..
Natural selection Evolution
Step 2a: Individuals with genetic
characteristics that are POORLY adapted for
environment
Tend to be LESS successful at accessing
resources
And thus have LESS chance of surviving to
maturity
25
https://lau-z.wikispaces.com/IB+Biology+Resources Allott, Andrew, and David Mindorff. Biology: Oxford IB Diploma Programme. 2014 ed. N.p..
Natural selection Evolution
Step 2b: Individuals with genetic characteristics that are
WELL-adapted for environment
Tend to be MORE successful at accessing resources
And thus have BETTER chance of surviving to maturity
Since they survive to adulthood, these successful
organisms have a better chance to reproduce and pass on
their genetic characteristics to the next generation.
Step 3: Inheritance of characteristics: THE GENE
POOL HAS CHANGED! Over many generations,
accumulation of changes in the heritable
characteristics of a population results in evolution.
26
https://lau-z.wikispaces.com/IB+Biology+Resources Allott, Andrew, and David Mindorff. Biology: Oxford IB Diploma Programme. 2014 ed. N.p..
Natural selection Evolution
Natural selection increases the frequency of
characteristics that make individuals better
adapted and decreases the frequency of
other characteristics, leading to changes
within the species.
27
https://lau-z.wikispaces.com/IB+Biology+Resources Allott, Andrew, and David Mindorff. Biology: Oxford IB Diploma Programme. 2014 ed. N.p..
5.2 Explain examples of evolution in
response to environmental change
Examples could include:
Antibiotic Resistance to Bacteria
The changes in size and shape of the beaks of
Galapagos finches
Pesticide resistance
Industrial melanism
(http://peppermoths.weebly.com/)
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https://lau-z.wikispaces.com/IB+Biology+Resources Allott, Andrew, and David Mindorff. Biology: Oxford IB Diploma Programme. 2014 ed. N.p..
Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
Biotic = Living
Antibiotics: medications that kill or inhibit the
growth of bacteria
Given to patients suffering from bacterial
infections
Overuse of antibiotics can lead to the
production of resistant strains of bacteria
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https://lau-z.wikispaces.com/IB+Biology+Resources Allott, Andrew, and David Mindorff. Biology: Oxford IB Diploma Programme. 2014 ed. N.p..
Antibiotics Resistance scenario
1. Yo’nique gets sick from bacterial infection
(tuberculosis).
2. Dr. Wahoo gives her antibiotic to kill bacteria
3. Yo’nique gets “better” because most of the bacteria
are destroyed. Awww yee-uah!
4. But WAIT!!! By a modification of its genetic makeup,
one little bacterium is resistant to the antibiotic! OH
NO!!!
5. The bacterium is not killed by the antibiotic! It later
multiplies in the Yo’nique’s body to make her icky
sicky again!!
30
https://lau-z.wikispaces.com/IB+Biology+Resources Allott, Andrew, and David Mindorff. Biology: Oxford IB Diploma Programme. 2014 ed. N.p..
Antibiotics Resistance scenario (cont’d)
6. Yo’nique goes back to the hospital, and the same
incompetent Dr. Wahoo gives her the SAME antibiotic!
7. Well, because the new strain of bacteria is resistant to
that same antibiotic, she doesn’t get any better.
8. So Yo’nique has to go back to the hospital, and Dr.
Wahoo realizes his mistake. Hoping Yo’nique won’t
realize it too and sue, he prescribes a different
antibiotic.
9. Yo’nique doesn’t get better and unfortunately dies of a
upper respiratory infection. Sniff.
10. Dr. Wahoo is sued for malpractice by Yo’nique’s family.
31
https://lau-z.wikispaces.com/IB+Biology+Resources Allott, Andrew, and David Mindorff. Biology: Oxford IB Diploma Programme. 2014 ed. N.p..
Pesticide Resistance Scenario
Pesticides: chemicals that kill animals that are regarded as
pests.
1. Pesticides are applied to the field and kill the majority of the
mice that were eating Farmer Billy Joe Bob’s crops.
2. Due to natural variations, a few mice are slightly different and
unaffected by the poison.
3. Resistant mice survive and reproduce, making a new
population of “mighty mice” – some or all of the members
possess the genetic resistance.
4. Seeing more mice eating his crops, Billy Joe Bob puts out
more poison. This time fewer mice die.
5. To kill the resistant “mighty mice”, a new pesticide must be
used. But Farmer Billy Joe Bob doesn’t realize this, and
instead the mighty mice become superheroes and fight crime.
6. Mighty Mice chillax with Hamtaro, Teenage Mutant Ninja
Turtles, Thundercats, and Picachu.
32
https://lau-z.wikispaces.com/IB+Biology+Resources Allott, Andrew, and David Mindorff. Biology: Oxford IB Diploma Programme. 2014 ed. N.p..
Question 1:
(a) Explain briefly Darwin’s theory of evolution.
(4 marks)
(Total 8 marks)
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https://lau-z.wikispaces.com/IB+Biology+Resources
(a) Explain briefly Darwin’s theory of
evolution.
parents produce more offspring than survive;
there is competition among members of a species for
survival /
struggle for existence;
species show variation;
certain variations will give a selective advantage /
survival of fittest;
depending on the environment;
these variations will be passed on to the next
generation;
leading to change in allele frequency;
4 max
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https://lau-z.wikispaces.com/IB+Biology+Resources
(b) Outline two modern examples
where evolution can be observed.
change of beak shape in Galapagos finches;
resistance to pesticides / antibiotics;
melanism in ladybirds (ladybugs).
2 max
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https://lau-z.wikispaces.com/IB+Biology+Resources
(c) State two ways in which the remains of
past living organisms have been preserved
fossils;
prints / moulds;
preserved in amber / tar / peat / petrification;
frozen in ice
2 max
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https://lau-z.wikispaces.com/IB+Biology+Resources
Question 2:
Explain the evidence for evolution provided by
the pentadactyl limb. (2 marks)
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https://lau-z.wikispaces.com/IB+Biology+Resources
Q2: Explain the evidence for evolution
provided by the pentadactyl limb.
vertebrates (nearly all) have pentadactyl
limbs / homologous structures;
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https://lau-z.wikispaces.com/IB+Biology+Resources