LAWS OF

INHERITANCE
INTRODUCTION-GENETICS
• GENETICS : deals with the inheritance, as well as the variation of characters from
parents to off springs.

• FATHER OF GENETICS: Gregor Mendel

• INHERITANCE: process by which character are passed on from parents to the child.

• VARIATION: how much the progeny differs from their parents.

STORY OF GREGOR MENDEL’S
DISCOVERY
 He conducted his experiment for 7 years.

 It was the first time where mathematical logic was applied in biology.

 Conducted experiment on garden pea plant/Pisum Sativa.

 Easily available
 Short life span
 Fast growth
 Clear phenotype (external characters)

 He found 7 characters in Pea plant with two contrasring traits.

• Phenotype: external characters.
Genotype: internal charcters.

• Dominant trait: most seen trait

Recessive trait: least seen trait.
EXPERIMENT(ARTIFICIAL
HYBRIDISATION)
Selection of female and male plant
Emasculation: Removal on of the parent to prevent self
pollination.
Bagging: The emasculated plant is covered by a polythene
bag to prevent entry of undesirable pollen grain.
Artificial pollination
Bagging
MONOHYBRID CROSS
• Cross conducted between the male and female pea parent considering one
character at a time. Eg; height,shape of the seed.
• From this experiment Mendel came to know that there is
something which is being transferred from parent to the
progeny.
• He called it as FACTORS later it was known to be as genes.
• GENES: unit of inheritance
• Gene is a pair of alleles.
• ALLELES: a pair of contrasting characters.
Eg: Character :Height of the plant
(TT,Tt,tt)- genes
T- allele(dominant allele)
t- allele(recessive allele)
LAWS OF INHERITANCE
Law of dominance:
 Every character consists of a pair of factors .
 It can be homogenous(TT/tt)
 TT is homogenous dominant-phenotype: tall
 tt is homogenous recessive – phenotype: short
 It can heterogenous(Tt)
• There phenotype is Tall because due to the presence of dominant
allele they suppress the expression of recessive allele.
Law of segregation
• At the time of gamete formation, the paired factors gets separated.

• Homozygous alleles: produce one gamete.

• Heterozygous alleles: produce two gametes.

Law of independent assortment
• During fertilization ,the separated factors can fuse with any other factor.
• Any male gamete can fuse with any other female gamete
PUNNETT SQUARE
1. On one side of the table tag all female factors.
2. On other side of the table tag all male factors .
3. Cross and write the characters
4. Find ratio
THANK YOU!!