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Biochemistry INTRO NOTES
Biochemistry INTRO NOTES
Biochemistry INTRO NOTES
Biochemistry
Biology A
Eaton Rapids High School
K.Coppins
I. Basics of Chemistry
A. The Atom
Smallest unit of any element
1. ______________________________
positive nucleus
2. Made of a __________________
surrounded by a cloud of negative
electrons
particles called ____________.
3. All elements are listed on the
Periodic Table
_____________.
I. Basics of Chemistry
A. The Atom Copper, Zinc, Selenium,
4. Elements in the body: Molybdenum, Fluorine,
Oxygen (65%) Chlorine, Iodine,
Carbon (18%)
Manganese, Cobalt, Iron
(0.70%)
Hydrogen (10%)
Nitrogen (3%)
Lithium, Strontium,
Aluminum, Silicon, Lead,
Calcium (1.5%)
Vanadium, Arsenic,
Phosphorus (1.0%)
Bromine (trace amounts)
Potassium (0.35%) Reference: H. A. Harper, V. W.
Sulfur (0.25%) Rodwell, P. A. Mayes, Review
Sodium (0.15%) of Physiological Chemistry,
16th ed., Lange Medical
Magnesium (0.05%)
Publications, Los Altos,
California 1977.
I. Basics of Chemistry
B. Molecules
1. When two or more atoms join
molecule
together, they form a ___________.
chemical bonds
2. These are called _______________,
and are based on interactions between
electrons
the _________.
3. If a bond joins different elements,
compound
the new substance is a __________.
I. Basics of Chemistry
C. Types of Bonds
Ionic bonds
1. _____________
a. Electrons move from one atom to
the other.
b. Atoms become positively or
ions
negatively charged; called ____.
c. Charges attract or repel.
conducting electricity
d. Good for __________________.
I. Basics of Chemistry
C. Types of Bonds
Covalent bonds
2. _______________
a. Electrons are shared between two
atoms.
b. Atoms must remain together
c. Bonds are flexible
large structures
d. Good for ________________.
I. Basics of Chemistry
C. Types of Bonds
Hydrogen bonds
3. _______________
a. Hydrogen holds electrons weakly
b. Has a slightly positive charge,
attracted to anything negative.
c. Creates weak bonds that help hold
structures but can be broken easily.
DNA, hair, water
d. Examples: _________________
I. Basics of Chemistry
D. Molecules and Energy
1. Energy is stored in the bonds
between atoms. Energy is required to
make or break bonds.
______________
2. The amount of energy varies with
the type of bond. Some bonds
(hydrogen) are easily broken while
others (triple covalent) are very hard.
II. Water Chemistry
A. ________
Water is the most abundant
chemical in the body.
B. Water has many characteristics that
make it vital to our bodies.
Size
1. _____—water is a very small
molecule, so it moves fast and can
squeeze into tiny crevasses between
other molecules.
II. Water Chemistry
B. Water has many
characteristics that make it
vital to our bodies.
Polarity
2. _________--Hydrogen
has a slightly positive
charge while oxygen has a
slightly negative charge.
This makes it easy for
water to pry apart other
charged molecules,
dissolving them. Called a
Universal Solvent
__________________.
II. Water Chemistry
B. Water has many characteristics that
make it vital to our bodies.
Crystal structure
3. _______________--Due to polarity,
water forms a crystal structure that is
less dense than liquid water.
II. Water Chemistry
B. Water has many characteristics that
make it vital to our bodies.
Heat capacity
4. _____________--water absorbs and
releases heat energy slowly, and can
hold a great deal of heat energy. This
helps organisms maintain their body
temperature in the safe range.
II. Water Chemistry
B. Water has many
characteristics that make it
vital to our bodies.
5. __________________--
Cohesion & Adhesion
Polarity allows water to
stick to itself (cohesion)
and to any charged
material (adhesion).
Water can glue materials
together.
II. Water Chemistry
B. Water has many
characteristics that make
it vital to our bodies.
Buffer
6. _______--Water
can act as either an
acid or a base,
maintaining a stable
pH in our bodies.
III. Macromolecules
A. What are they?
Very large molecules that make
1. __________________________________
most of the structure of the body
_______________________________________
2. Made of smaller pieces called
monomers that can be assembled like
__________
legos to form a variety of structures. A
large chain of monomers is called a
polymer
_________.
III. Macromolecules
B. Carbohydrates
monosaccharide (sugar)
1. Monomer: ____________________
polysaccharide (starch)
2. Polymer: _____________________
rings of carbon with
3. Structure:______________________
oxygen and hydrogen attached; CH2O
________________________________
energy, plant structure
4. Uses: ___________________
sucrose, cellullose
5. Examples: ________________
Examples of Carbohydrates
III. Macromolecules
C. Lipids
fatty acid
1. Monomer: __________
lipid or fat
2. Polymer: ___________
3 long chains of carbon
3. Structure:______________________
hydrogen on a glycerol molecule
________________________________
energy, structure, warmth
4. Uses: ________________________
protein or polypeptide
2. Polymer: _____________________
________________________________
hydrogen, amine, carboxyl, & R groups
structure, emergency energy
4. Uses: ________________________
nucleic acid
2. Polymer: ___________
5-carbon sugar attached
3. Structure:______________________
to nitrogen base and phosphate group
________________________________
stores genetic code
4. Uses: ___________________